Term
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Definition
| the ability to nullify legislation or decisions without any further discussion. |
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Definition
| a term used to describe an act that violates the sovereignty or territorial integrity of another state. The specifics of which are difficul to define. |
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Term
| Article 2(4) of the UN Charter 112 |
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Definition
| A provision in the UN Charter that explicitly forbids member states from threatening or using force in their international relations. The exception is that member states are permitted to use force only in cases of self-defense or for collective self-defense. |
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Definition
| A famous speech 1953 delivered by Eisenhower to the UN General Assembly that outlined a frameworkto promote the safe, peaceful, and secure uses of nuclear technogy. |
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Definition
| A treaty, developed in 2000 in Montreal, that allows states to bar imports of GM seeds, microbes, animals, and crops that they deem may harm the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A post– World War II arrangement for managing the world economy, established at a meeting in New Hampshire, in 1944. Its main institutional components are the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). |
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Definition
| The original theory behind UN peacekeeping. It holds that aggression against one state is aggression against every member and should be defeated by the collective action of all. |
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Definition
| The necessary agreement to unity between states in the pursuit of collective security. |
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Term
| compromise of embedded liberalism 159 |
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Definition
| requires governments to commit to liberal economic principles, with the recognition that states have legitimate economic interests, including full employment, low inflation, and steady economic growth |
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Term
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Definition
| A courdinated decision which most states come to, in pursuit of collective security. |
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Term
| corporate social responsibility (CSR) 221 |
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Definition
| The recognition that the business community has an important role in alleviating poverty. |
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Term
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Definition
| A more flexible approach to development that focuses on the ability of people to meet their material and nonmaterial needs through their own efforts. |
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Term
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Definition
| For some people, it means macroeconomic growth and the accumulation of wealth. For others, it means improving the human condition. |
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Term
| Dispute Settlement Body 163 |
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Definition
| Subset of the WTO General Council that oversees dispute settlement procedures among member states. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of WTO conventions that kicked off in 2001. |
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Term
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Definition
| money that is owed to foreigners and repayable in foreign currency. |
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Term
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 159 |
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Definition
| Designed as a provisional measure in 1949, it later became the post-WWII institutional framework for international trade. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second level of the WTO and highest decision-making body at their Geneva headquarters. It has the authority to act on behalf of its higher superior council which meets only every 2 years. |
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Term
| genetically modified foods and organisms 176 |
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Definition
| Products that have had their DNA and other genetic materials manipulated by scientist. |
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Term
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Definition
| An initiative of formal secretary-general Kofu Annan, designed to be a liason between intergovernmental organizations and national and multinational businesses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A third-level WTO body composed of 10 committees dealing with specific subjects (such as agriculture, market access, subsidies, anti-dumping measures and so on) |
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Term
| governmental regulation 161 |
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Definition
| when governments mandate that products fit certain criteria or uphold standards. |
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Term
| horizontal proliferation 141 |
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Definition
| an increase in the number of states that have aquired nuclear weapons |
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Term
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Definition
| a people-centered security approach that focuses on physical threats to individuals. Such threats include not only war and other forms of violent conflict but also hunger, disease, environmental disaster, or extreme poverty. |
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Term
| International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 112 |
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Definition
| An independent agency, founded in 1957 and part of the UN "family," which monitors nuclear activity with the goal of achieving security, safety, and technology transfer. |
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Term
| International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 190 |
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Definition
| Part of the World Bank, this independent agency within the UN system that is responsible for multilateral lending. |
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Term
| International Center for Settlement of Investments Disputes (ISCSID) 191 |
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Definition
| An affiliate of the World Bank established as a part of a treaty to help states and individuals settle disputes regarding foreign investment by MNCs through mediation and arbitration. |
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Term
| International Development Association (IDA) 190 |
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Definition
| Part of the world bank, this agency provides development loans to the poorest of poor in order to generate economic growth in areas otherwise marginalized in the global economy. |
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Term
| International Finance Corporation (IFC) 191 |
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Definition
| An affiliate of the World Bank designed to encourage private investment in developing states. |
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Term
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) 193 |
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Definition
| An intergovernmental organization (IGO) that coordinates international currency exchange, the balance of international payments, and national accounts. Along with the World Bank, it is a pillar of the international financial system. |
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Term
| international security 111 |
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Definition
| A subfield of international relations (IR) that focuses on questions of war and peace. |
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Term
| International Trade Organization (ITO) 159 |
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Definition
| The Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 recognized the need for a comparable international institution for trade (the later proposed organization) to complement the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. |
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Term
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Definition
| British economist who was one of the key architects of the Breton woods System. Principles articulated by him were used successfully in the Great Depression of the 1930s, including the view that governments should sometimes use deficit spending to stimulate economic growth. |
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Term
| lender of last resort 194 |
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Definition
| a euphamism used to refer to an entity that gives loans to otherwise insolvent governments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Private creditors that provide loans to foreign governments. |
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Term
| Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 185 |
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Definition
| UN targets for basic needs measures such as reducing poverty and hunger, adopted in 2000 with a target date of 2015. |
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Term
| Ministerial Conference 163 |
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Definition
| The top level of the WTO that is responsible for the long-term strategic planning of the organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 2002 conference that lead to new development aid commitments from many countries and become the major reference point for international development cooperation. |
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Term
| most- favored- nation status (MFN) 160 |
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Definition
| Means that member states of a trade agreement must treat all fellow member states the same. |
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Term
| Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 191 |
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Definition
| An agency which insures private foreign investment against loss that may result from political risk. |
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Term
| new international economic order (NIEO) 196 |
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Definition
| An effort from Third World states to reverse the effects of their underdevelopment. Which included trying to raise the prices of raw materials and agricultural products. |
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Term
| nontariff barriers(NTBs) 160 |
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Definition
| A nonmonetary restriction on trade, such as quotas, technical specifications, or unnecessarily lengthy quarantine and inspection procedures. |
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Term
| nuclear latent states 151 |
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Definition
| States that have the industrial infrastructure, materials, and scientific expertise to produce nuclear weapons. |
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Term
| Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) 112 |
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Definition
| A treaty that was designed to provide non-nuclear weapon states with nuclear technology for pearful purposes in exchange, they world forgo nuclear weapon ambitions. The ultimate goal was for nuclear dissarmament. |
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Term
| nuclear weapon capable 143 |
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Definition
| States that have the technical skill and materials to build nuclear weapons. |
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Term
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Definition
| The framework, provided through an IGO, through which states achieve collective security. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aproach that largely follows the mainstream tradition, interpresting development in the Western, liberal manner. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of first world governments that have loaned money to third world governments; it meets periodically to work out terms of debt renegotiations. |
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Term
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Definition
| UN actions such as assisting in the maintenance of law and order, protecting the delivery of humanitarian assistance, guaranteeing rights of passage, and enforcing sanctions and Security Council decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of military peacekeepers, civilian administrators, police trainers, and similar efforts to sustain peace agreements and build stable, democratic governments in societies recovering from civil wars. Since 2005 a UN comission has coordinated and supported these activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diplomatic efforts at conflict resolution that require the conditions of a temporary cease-fire and the consent of UN involvement. |
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Term
| reciprocity, nondiscrimination, and multilateralism 160 |
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Definition
| The principals with which the GATT guided its efforts to jump-start international trade through tariff reduction. |
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Term
| responsibility to protect (R2P) 138 |
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Definition
| Principle adopted by world leaders in 2005 holding governments responsible for protecting civilians from genocide and crimes against humanity perpetrated within a sovereign state. |
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Term
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Definition
| The head of the UN Secretariat who oversees the UN beauracracy, peacekeeping, and implementation of UN policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A body of five great powers (which can veto resolutions) and ten rotating member states that makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| An emphasis on the military stability and relative peace of states. |
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Term
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Definition
| A third-level WTO body responsible for overseeing the functioning of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) |
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Term
| Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) 196 |
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Definition
| Reserves held by the International Monetary Fund that the central banks of member-countries can draw on to help manage the values of their currencies. |
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Term
| structural adjustment loans 194 |
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Definition
| Loans that carry conditions of change to the economic system of the government taking out the loan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct or indirect government assistance to private national firms. |
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Term
| The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 195 |
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Definition
| A UN organization established in 1964 and currently consisting of all UN members plus the Holy See, Switzerland, and Tonga, which holds quadrennial meetings aimed at promoting international trade and economic development. |
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Term
| Trade Policy Review Body 163 |
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Definition
| Subset of the WTO General Council that scrutinizes members' trading practices. |
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Term
| Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Council 163 |
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Definition
| Third-level WTO body that focuses on intellectual property issues. |
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Term
| transgenesis or transgenetic 176 |
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Definition
| The technical term for genetic engneering on plants or animals performed to improve its utility to humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A body composed of representatives of all states that allocates UN funds, passes nonbinding resolutions, and coordinates third world development programs and various autonomous agencies through the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). |
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Term
| Uniting for Peace resolution 116 |
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Definition
| A U.S. sponsored resolution which expands the UN General Assembly's authority to engage in matters of international security on the condition that the Security council is unwilling or incapable to act. |
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Term
| vertical proliferation 141 |
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Definition
| the growing size and sophistication of nuclear weapon arsenals. |
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Term
| voluntary export restriction (VER) 160 |
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Definition
| bilateral negotiation agreements whereby exporters agree to limit the number of goods they send to the other country. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formally the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), an organization that was established in 1944 as a source of loans to help reconstruct the European economies. Later, the main borrowers were third world countries and, in the 1990s, Eastern European ones. |
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Term
| World Trade Organization (WTO) 162 |
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Definition
| The organization that replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) organization as the body that regulates and monitors international trade. |
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