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| the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company's goods and services to consumers or users in more than one baton for a profit |
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| the aspects of trade over which a company has control and influence; they include marketing decisions covering product, price, promotion, distribution, research, and advertising |
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| factors in the business environment over which the international marketer has no control or influence; may include competition, legal restraints, government controls, weather, consumer preferences and behavior, and political events |
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| Domestic Environment Unctrollables |
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Definition
| factors in a company's home country over which the company has little or no control or influence. They include political and legal forces, the economic climate, level of technology, competitive forces, and economic forces. |
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| Foreign Environment Uncontrollables |
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| factors in the foreign market over which a business operating in its home country has little or no control or influence. They include political and legal forces, economic climate, geography, and infrastructure, level of technology, structure of distribution, and level of technology |
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| Self-Reference Criterion (SRC) |
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| an unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experience, and knowledge as a basis for a decision |
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| a frame of reference, important to the success of a businessperson, that embodies tolerance of cultural differences and knowledge of cultures, history, world market potential, and global economic, social, and political trends |
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| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; a trade agreement signed by the US and 22 other countries shortly after WWII. The original agreement provided a process to reduce tariffs and created an agency to patrol world trade; the treaty and subsequent meetings have produced agreements significantly reducing tariffs |
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| the system of accounts that records a nation's international financial transactions |
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| the portion of balance of payments statement that shows a record of all merchandise exports, imports, and services, plus unilateral transfers of funds |
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| the use of nations of legal barriers, exchange barriers, and psychological barriers to restrain entry of goods from other countries |
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| restrictions, other than tariffs, placed by countries on imported products; they may include quality standards, sanitary and health standards, quotas, embargoes, boycotts, and antidumping penalties |
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| a fee or tax that countries impose on imported goods, often to protect a country's markets from intrusion from foreign countries |
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Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs)
Orderly Market Agreements (OMAs) |
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| agreements, similar to quotas, between an importing country and an exporting country for a restriction on the volume of of exports |
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| World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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Definition
| the organization formed in 1994 that encompasses the GATT structure and extends it to new areas that had not been adequate covered previously. The WTO adjudicates trade disputes. All member countries have equal representation |
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| International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
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| a global institution that, along with the World Bank Group, was created to assist nations in becoming and remaining economically viable |
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| two wars fought between China and Britain over the British run opium trade in China during the middle 1800s. The british navy attacked Chinese ports in retribution for a Chinese ban on the drug, and the Treaty of Nanjing signed in 1842 allowed greater European access to Chinese ports generally, a resumption of the opium trade, and ceding of Hong Kong to British control |
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| the most costly civil war in human history in China during 1851-1964. Some estimates have the death toll at between 20 and 40 million |
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| the 2,500-year-old teachings of Chinese philosopher, Confucius, still strongly influence cultures in East Asia today. Primary among his teachings were a deep respect for elders, rulers, and husbands |
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| the notion that Americans were a chosen people ordained by God to create a model society; it was accepted as the basis for US policy during much of the 19th and 20th centuries as the nation expanded its territory |
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| a cornerstone of US foreign policy as enunciated by President James Monroe, it proclaimed three basic dicta: no further European colonization in the New World, abstention of the US from European political affairs, and non-intervention of European governments in the governments of the Western Hemisphere |
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| an extension of US policy applied to the Monroe Doctrine by President Theodore Roosevelt, stating that the US would not only prohibit non-American intervention in Latin American affairs but would also police Latin America and guarantee that all Latin American nations would meet their international obligations |
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| the seizure of an investment by a government in which some reimbursement is made to the investment owner; often the seized investment becomes nationalized |
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| there are gases resulting primarily from the use of fossil fuels that tend to trap eat in the earth's atmosphere and are causal factors in global climate change. The main problem compounds are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases |
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| an approach toward economic growth that has been described (by Joke Waller-Hunter) as a cooperative effort among businesses, environmentalists, and others to seek growth with "wise resource management, equitable distribution of benefits, and reduction of negative efforts on people and the environment from the process of economic growth" |
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| the human-made part of human environment--the sum total of knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society |
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| the phenomenon by which societies learn from other cultures' ways and borrow ideas to solve problems or improve conditions |
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| a marketing strategy in which products are marketed in a way similar to the marketing of products already in the market in a manner as congruent as possible with existing cultural norms |
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| an awareness of the nuances of culture so that a culture can be viewed objectively, evaluated, and appreciated; an important part of foreign marketing |
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| the system of beliefs and customs held by a population in a given culture. A book by Geert Hofstede describes a study of 6 nations and divides the cultural values of those nations into four primary dimensions: the Individualized/Collectivism Index, the Power Distance Index, the Uncertainty Avoidance Index, and the Masculinity/Femininity Index (which is not considered as useful as the other three) |
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| philosophically, the creation and appreciation of beauty; collectively, the arts, including folklore, music, drama, and dance |
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| the measure of difference between languages an important factor in determining the amount of trade between nations |
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| a marketing strategy in which a company deliberately sets out to change those aspects of a foreign culture resistant to predetermined marketing goals |
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| the methods and systems, including family, religion, school, the media, government, and corporations, that affect the ways in which people relate to one another, teach acceptable behavior to succeeding generations, and govern themselves |
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| the use of funds, usually illegally, to influence decisions made by public employees and government officials. Such payments often rand into the millions of dollars in international commerce |
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| a business custom (as in a foreign country) to which adapt is helpful but not necessary |
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| a business custom (as in a foreign country) in which an outsider must not participate |
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| a business culture (as in a foreign country) that must be recognized and accommodated |
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| the use of funds to expiate actions of public employees and government officials. The payments made to minor officials may or may not be illegal and are usually of inconsequential amounts. |
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| describing a view of time, typical of most North Americans, Swiss, Germans, and Scandinavians, as something that is linear and can be saved, wasted, spent, and lost. These cultures ten to concentrate on one thing at a time and value promptness |
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| a view of time, as held in "high context" cultures, in which the completion of a human transaction is more important than holding to schedules. It is characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of many things |
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| Principle of Justice or Fairness |
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Definition
| one of three principles of ethic that tests an action by asking if the action respects the canons of justice or fairness to all parties involved |
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| Principle of Utilitarian Ethics |
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| one of the three principles of ethics that tests an action by asking if it optimized the "common good" or benefits of al constituencies |
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| term used by Edward T. Hall for the non-spoken and symbolic meanings of time, space, things, friendships, and agreements, and how they vary across cultures; from Hall's article "The Silent Language of Business" |
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| the giving of large sums of money--frequently not fully accounted for--designed to entice an official to commit an illegal act on behalf of the one offering the money |
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| the seizing of a company's assets without payment. Prominent examples involving US companies occurred in Cuba and Iran |
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| a process by which a host country gradually transfers foreign investments to national control and ownership through a series of government decrees mandating local ownership and greater national involvement in company management |
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| the seizure of an investment by a government in which some reimbursement is made to the investment owner; often the seized investment becomes nationalized |
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| an intense feeling of national pride and unity; an awakening of a nation's people to pride in their country. It can take on an anti foreign business bias |
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| Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) |
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Definition
| large advocacy organizations, usually not-for-prift, often multinational, and run by citizens rather than companies or governments. Prominent examples are Green Peace, Amnesty International, and the Red Cross. |
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| Political and Social Activists (PSAs) |
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Definition
| individuals who participate in efforts to change the practices and behaviors of corporations and governments, with tactics that can range from peaceful protest to terrorism |
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| the powers exercised by a state in relation to other countries, as well as the supreme powers of a state as exercised over its own inhabitants |
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