Term
| Women in Botswana and Japan can expect to live… |
|
Definition
Botswana: 43 years
Japan: 86 years |
|
|
Term
| In Sweden and Afghanistan, the risk of a woman dying during pregnancy and childbirth is 1 in |
|
Definition
Sweden: 1 in 17,400
Afghanistan: 1 in 8 |
|
|
Term
| Life expectancy for Indigenous Australian males is shorter by ____ years than all other Australian males. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Child mortality in the slums of Nairobi is ____ times higher than in other parts of the city. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ten Tips for Staying Healthy |
|
Definition
1. Don't be poor. If you can, stop. If you can't, try not to be poor for long.
2. Don't have poor parents.
3. Own a car.
4. Don't work in a stressful, low paid manual job.
5. Don't live in damp, low quality housing.
6. Be able to afford to go on a foreign holiday and sunbathe.
7. Practice not losing your job and don't become unemployed.
8. Take up all benefits you are entitled to, if you are unemployed, retired or sick or disabled.
9. Don't live next to a busy major road or near a polluting factory.
10. Learn how to fill in the complex housing benefit/ asylum application forms before you become homeless and destitute. |
|
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Term
| Social Determinants of Health |
|
Definition
| Social determinants reflect people's different positions in the social "ladder" of status, power and resources. Evidence shows that most of the global burden of disease and the bulk of health inequalities are caused by social determinants. |
|
|
Term
| A baby born to a Bolivian mother with no education has a ____ chance of dying, while one born to a woman with at least secondary education has a ____ chance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Determinants of health (Diagram) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The estimated proportion of under-five mortality attributable to diarrheal diseases is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A common case definition of diarrhea is the passage of |
|
Definition
| three or more loose or watery stools per day |
|
|
Term
| Persistent diarrhea is an episode of diarrhea that lasts: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pathogen is the most common cause of diarrheal deaths in children under the age of five? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children at very high risk of death from diarrhea include those who are: |
|
Definition
| Malnourished children and small newborns |
|
|
Term
| Of deaths due to diarrhea, 80% occur in the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The annual global under-five mortality from acute diarrhea is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the child has diarrhea, _____ in the stool is enough to conclude that the child has dysentery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All children with diarrhea are classified for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) approach, which one of the following is NOT a possible classification of dehydration in a child with diarrhea: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are used to determine the level of dehydration |
|
Definition
Child's general condition (lethargic or unconscious, or restless and irritable)
Child's reaction when offered a drink (not able to drink or drinking poorly or drinking eagerly, thirsty)
Elasticity of the skin and sunken eyes |
|
|
Term
| Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is based on the principle that: |
|
Definition
| Intestinal absorption of electrolytes and water is enhanced by active absorption of food molecules. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of diarrheal diseases includes |
|
Definition
Oral rehydration therapy to replace fluids and electrolytes
Continued feeding and zinc supplementation
Antibiotics for dysentery, cholera, or serious non-intestinal infections |
|
|
Term
| The incidence of diarrhea can be most directly reduced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hospital policies should promote breastfeeding by: |
|
Definition
. Encouraging mothers to start breastfeeding immediately after delivery
Mothers should be encouraged to start breastfeeding immediately after delivery. |
|
|
Term
| Further success in reducing death and illness from diarrhea depends on: |
|
Definition
Acceptance of new scientific developments
Building on past successes
Reinforcing family knowledge and providing support to underserved families |
|
|
Term
| Which are common ways of monitoring stages of HIV progression |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| . In generalized epidemics, what is the MOST common mode of transmission? (HIV) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which period of time during the course of individual HIV infection is transmission probably very important in the genesis of generalized epidemics? |
|
Definition
| Early infection, in the first few weeks when viral load is high |
|
|
Term
| In the latent, asymptomatic phase of infection, what are approximately the chances of HIV transmission per act of intercourse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The efficacy of condoms in reducing HIV infection over a period of time is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The efficacy of condoms in reducing HIV infection over a period of time is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is MOST true about the impact of condoms programmatically in affecting HIV epidemics? |
|
Definition
| Promotion of condoms has had clear impact on concentrated epidemics, but little clear substantial impact on generalized epidemics. |
|
|
Term
| Approximately when did HIV incidence probably peak in Uganda? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The "B" in "ABC," which stands for "be faithful," actually has three aspects |
|
Definition
| fidelity, partner reduction, and avoiding especially risky partnerships. |
|
|
Term
| If done well, which is MOST true about the impact of HIV counseling and testing on behavior change? |
|
Definition
| Can have a positive impact on those who test positive, but for those who test negative remains a challenge |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of HIV cases in the developing world are believed to be the result of unsafe injection and contaminated blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the South African randomized trial published in 2005, how much protection did male circumcision provide against HIV acquisition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of these STIs increases HIV transmission the MOST? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Health and Human Rights approach |
|
Definition
| Interplay of law, politics, public health, history, economics, ethics, etc. |
|
|
Term
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(when) |
|
Definition
December 10, 1948
Articles 3 and 25
3. Everyone has the right to life and to live in freedom and safety.
25. Everyone has the right to an adequate standard of living and medical help if they are ill. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6-12 September 1978: “Health for All.”
Alma-Ata Declaration: Points I, IV, X
Non-binding
“acceptable level of health”; “socially and economically productive life”
I
The Conference that health is a fundamental
human right and that the attainment of the highest possible level of health is important world-wide social goal
IV
The people have the right and duty to participate individually and collectively in the planning
and implementation of their health care
X
An acceptable level of health for all the people of the world by the year 2000 can be attained
through a fuller and better use of the world's resources, a considerable part of which is now
spent on armaments and military conflicts. |
|
|
Term
| Rights: 2 philosophical approaches |
|
Definition
1. Natural rights
2. Legal rights |
|
|
Term
| … General Comment- 12/2000 Right to health has 4 elements: |
|
Definition
1. Availability- functioning public health and health care facilities, goods and services as well..
2. Accessibility- “ accessibility to everyone (non-discrimination…)
3. Acceptability
4. Quality- scientifically and medically appropriate and of good |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care(PHC), 6-12 September 1978.[1] It expressed the need for urgent action by all governments, all health and development workers, and the world community to protect and promote the health of all the people of the world. It was the first international declaration underlining the importance of primary health care. The primary health care approach has since then been accepted by member countries of WHO as the key to achieving the goal of "Health for All". |
|
|
Term
| he Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) Summary |
|
Definition
| he Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (10 December 1948 at Paris).The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. It consists of 30 articles which have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties, regional human rights instruments, national constitutions and laws. |
|
|
Term
| Of the annual deaths from TB, about ___ % are in developing countries. |
|
Definition
98%
Of the estimated 2 million annual deaths from TB, about 98% are in developing countries. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the world’s population is infected with TB? |
|
Definition
1/3
One third of the world’s population is infected with TB bacilli. |
|
|
Term
| What type of TB is infectious and can be transmitted to others? |
|
Definition
Sputum smear positive (active) pulmonary TB
Only patients with active TB of the lungs (pulmonary TB) or throat (laryngeal TB) can infect others. TB is not spread by insects, blood supplies, water, dishes, or clothing, or by someone with latent TB. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individual<-interpersonal<- ORGANIZATIONAL -> community -> public policy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A World Health Organization-recommended TB control strategy that has four technical elements
DOTS is a World Health Organization-recommended TB control strategy, and it has four technical elements. DOTS was developed, over the past two decades, from best practice experiences, clinical trials, and programmatic operations of TB control. DOTS is a proven and effective health intervention. In HIV-infected TB patients, DOT (directly observed treatment), which is part of the DOTS strategy for good case management, can prolong survival. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A World Health Organization-recommended TB control strategy that has four technical elements
DOTS was developed, over the past two decades, from best practice experiences, clinical trials, and programmatic operations of TB control. DOTS is a proven and effective health intervention. In HIV-infected TB patients, DOT (directly observed treatment)can prolong survival. |
|
|
Term
| DOTS produces cure rates of up to: |
|
Definition
95%
95%, even in the poorest countries (in the absence of HIV or multi-drug resistance) |
|
|
Term
| Vector Control Measures (malaria) |
|
Definition
Destruction of adult mosquitoes
Destruction of mosquito larvae
Prevention or reduction of breeding
Franken-skeeters: modifying mosquitoes |
|
|
Term
| Why is sputum smear microscopy (SSM) currently the best available method to detect infectious TB disease? |
|
Definition
| SSM is currently the most reliable way of identifying the presence of TB bacilli. And, properly trained and equipped laboratory technicians working at peripheral levels can perform SSM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
At least 60% of those suffering from malaria should be able to access and use correct, affordable, and appropriate treatment within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms
At least 60% of those at risk of malaria, particularly pregnant women and children under five years of age, should benefit from suitable personal and community protective measures such as ITNs
At least 60% of all pregnant women who are at risk of malaria, especially those in their first pregnancies should receive IPT |
|
|
Term
| Roll Back Malaria Strategies |
|
Definition
. Use of ITNs and other locally approved means of vector control for children <5 (and pregnant women)
2. Prompt access to effective treatment for children <5
3. Prevention and control of malaria in pregnancy
Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) & ITNs
4. Early detection of and response to malaria epidemics |
|
|
Term
| Roll Back Malaria (Current Situation and Partnership) |
|
Definition
Current situation
Malaria reemerged as a major international health issue in the 1990s
Global malaria control strategy adopted in 1992
Roll Back Malaria 1998
Abuja Declaration 2000
Strong political commitment and partnership
Roll Back Malaria (RBM) Partnership
Goal to halve malaria burden by 2010
Reduction targets based on best practices |
|
|
Term
| DDT – is it as bad as they say? |
|
Definition
On the one hand . . .
It was much abused
Cotton industry was egregious
Clearly accumulates in human fat
Affects hormonal function in animals exposed to high doses
Gender shift in lab rats
Dose dependant association with pre-term and LBW infants in one study (Lancet, 1998)
Fragile pelican egg shells (Anacapa island)
Peregrine falcons exoneratedOn the other hand . . .
Cheaper than other insecticides
Much less toxic to humans/mammals
No human fatalities documented
Odorless
Lasts 6-9 months
WHO now recommends its use for IRS |
|
|
Term
| Treatment goals are: (TB) |
|
Definition
| Treatment goals are to prevent death, stop transmission, prevent the emergence of drug resistance, and cure without relapse. |
|
|
Term
| How is "cure" defined? TB is "cured" |
|
Definition
| TB is "cured" when the patient's sputum test reverts to negative at least once during treatment and then remains negative in the last month of treatment. This is how WHO defines "cured." |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important reason for distinguishing between latent and active cases of TB? |
|
Definition
| By treating an active case as a latent one, the provider would not give the patient proper care and could potentially create drug resistance. |
|
|
Term
| Malaria during pregnancy in malaria-endemic settings may account for: |
|
Definition
2-15% of maternal anemia
5-14% of low birth-weight newborns
30% of “preventable” low birth-weight newborns
3-5% of newborn deaths |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Features (Of Malaria) |
|
Definition
Fever and chills
Headache, myalgia, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea
Clinical presentation can vary substantially depending on the species, level of parasitemia, and immune status of the patient.
Easy to confuse with numerous other conditions |
|
|
Term
| What is the lifetime risk of developing TB relative to HIV status? |
|
Definition
5% to 10% lifetime risk if HIV negative; 50% lifetime risk if HIV positive
The lifetime risk of developing TB is: 5% to 10% if HIV negative; 50% if HIV positive. |
|
|
Term
| Without preventive TB treatment, on average, as many as one in how many people infected with HIV will develop TB? |
|
Definition
one in three
It is estimated that – without preventive TB treatment – as many as one in three people infected with HIV will develop TB. |
|
|
Term
| To which of the following is the US the single largest country donor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following reviews second-line TB drug proposals to see if they are eligible to receive second-line TB drugs? |
|
Definition
| The Green Light Committee |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following comprises seven working groups, including the DOTS Expansion Working Group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is responsible for addressing the need for more resources for TB drugs, high quality TB drugs, efficient procurement systems, and standardized products. |
|
Definition
| The Global TB Drug Facility (GDF) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the provision of small loans to people (usually women) in poverty with the hope that the loans will increase business productivity and ultimately pull people out of poverty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Demographic (1929) Epidemiologic (1971) Nutrition (1993) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ending poverty from bottom up? Small Loans to people (women) in poverty. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small scale (relative), dept= increase suicide, too much empowerment (family?), too much competition (not unique) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antiretroviral treatment, usually a combination of multiple ARVs |
|
|
Term
| 2/3 of people in Africa with TB are co-infected with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What HIV and Malnutrition used to me known as |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevention of Mother to Child Transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antiretroviral therapy for mothers during pregnancy (if already have it)
Antiretroviral prophylaxis for infants (take not get it)
Proper obstetric care
Proper infant feeding |
|
|
Term
| #1& 2 deadly infectious disease |
|
Definition
Pneumonia #1 deadly infectious disease
TB #2 (in US homeless & refugees most likely) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly effective, inexpensive, not too toxic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less effective, expensive, toxic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human rights come not from God, but from human experience |
|
|
Term
| The Demographic Transition |
|
Definition
Based on observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the past two hundred years
“…the transformation of countries from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “…this transition in which degenerative and man-made diseases displace pandemics of infection (and starvation) as the primary causes of morbidity and mortality”. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generally, diets high in complex carbohydrates and fiber give way to more varied diets with a higher proportion of total fats, saturated fats and sugars. |
|
|
Term
| Nutrition Transition Patterns |
|
Definition
Collecting Food
Famine
Receding Famine
Nutrition-related non-communicable disease
Behavioral change |
|
|
Term
| Stages (of epidemiologic) |
|
Definition
1. Age of pestilence and famine
2. Age of receding pandemics
3. Age of degenerative and man-made disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Individual (sex, age)
2. Social (education, culture)
3. Physical (air pollution)
4. Health behaviors
5. Access to health services |
|
|
