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| Programs within organizations designed to counteract discrimination, and to provide opportunity for all members. |
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| Judgements about people based on their advanced age. |
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| Mix of positive and negative beliefs about an outgruop, results in ambivalent attitudes. |
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| Aims to foster a heightened awareness of institutional bias/racism, provide skills to reduce racism |
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| View that immigrant groups should give up their traditional culture/language in favor of the majority culture/language |
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| People from marginalized groups find it difficult to know if feedback from dominant group members is related to their individual ability, or to the biases of the evaluator. |
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Hypothesis: 1) Prejudice results from view that minority groups have values that conflict with majority group values 2) View that minority groups are responsible for these undesirable traits
**Groups are seen as responsible for their negative stereotypes** |
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| authoritarian personality |
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| Personality type that is very vulnerable to strict obedience to authority figure(s). |
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| People feel uncomfortable interacting with members of minority groups, but still act polite when they do have contact. |
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| Individuals change their behavior to DIScomfirm a relevant stereotype, method to prevent potential discrimation. |
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| Prejudice that is expressed via apparently positive beliefs and emotional responses. |
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| Unequal and harmful treatment that is typically intentional, visible. |
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| Research method where subject whose attitude is being measured is told that a lie detector is monitoring them, resulting in more truthful answers. |
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| Simplifying our environment by creating categories on the basis of traits that certain people have in common. |
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| Understanding that person's membership is social category does not change over time/as a result of superficial changes in appearance. |
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| Social identities that are always with someone, regardless of environment. |
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| Tendency for children to prefer contact with members of one social catergory over another. |
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| cognitive developmental theories |
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| Theories that emphasize interplay of children's mental growth and their social environments. May explain roots of prejudice using both "nature" and "nurture". |
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| View that racial/ethnic differences should be ignored in interactions with other groups. |
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| common ingroup identity model |
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| Theory of prejudice that says ingroup and outgroup members can be trained to recategorize themselves into a single, commmon group. |
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| Prejudice reduction via interaction between ingroup & outgroup members will make their attitudes towards one another more positive. |
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| Research method in which researchers study non-scientific works to identify themes related to the topic they are studying. |
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| Group learning environment that involves contact between group members meant to reduce prejudice. |
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| Unequal, harmful treatment that is purposefully hidden. |
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| One group within a culture has the power to define general cultural values. Seen in discrimination built into art, music, morals, customs, etc. |
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| Unique meaning & information system: 1) shared by a group 2) Transmitted across generations 3) Allows for well-being & ability to derive meaning from life. |
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| developmental intergroup theory |
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| Theory of prejudice development: Children's efforts to understand the world and social rules result in prejudice. |
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| Physical or mental impairment that substantially limits at least one major life-activity. |
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| Treating someone in a different way based solely on that person's social membership. |
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| Redefining one's self-concept so as to remove/replace a domain of former self-categorization. |
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| Idea that aging occurs earlier, is more negative for women than men. |
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| View that outcomes are being distributed on the basis that people who deserve more, get more. Vice versa. |
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| Belife that all people are equal, should be treated exactly the same. |
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| Other-oreitned emotional response congruent with another's perceived welfare. |
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| Belief that members of a category all have the same, unchanging psychological characteristics. |
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| Qualitative data collection involving interviews, unobtrusive observation in/related to subjects' daily lives. |
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| Assumption that European Christian values are the only correct ones, pervasive in N. America. |
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| Process in which everyday racism of people turns to extreme racism after joining a hate group. |
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| extrinsic religious orientation |
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| Use of religion as a way to acheive non-religious goals such as security, comfort, sociability, etc. |
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| Holding false/inaccurate beliefs contrary to one's social interest, contributes to maintaining disadvantaged position. |
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| Assumption that gender is binary, gender traits are either masculine or feminine. |
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| Group relative deprivation |
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| When a person feels that a group which they identify with has been deprived of a benefit. |
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| Unearned favored state related to one's race, gender, sexual orientation, class, etc. |
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| Victims chosen solely because of social category |
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| Tendency to interact socially only with other members of the same sex. |
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| Sets of attitudes that predispose people to view the world in certain ways, and respond in a way consitent with these views. |
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| Implicit Association Test (IAT) |
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| Technique for measuring prejudice which assumes that negative responses are more cloesly linked to outgroups, and positive response more closely linked to ingroups. Faster response times mean stronger associations. |
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| Prejudices people are not aware of having, but that can still be measured. |
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| Emotions not associated with certain social group, but the person still "brings" to the intergroup situation. |
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| individuating information |
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| Considering info that is specific to the individual when making a jugdment, instead of being based on stereotypes. |
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| instituational discrimination |
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| When norms, policies, and practices associated with social institutions such as religious institutions, the educational system etc, result in different outcomes for members of different groups. |
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| Discomfort many people experience with interacting with members of other groups. (Type of intergroup emotion) |
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| Overt prejudice by White majority against racial minority in the USA prior to 1960s. Often part of the law. |
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| Attitudes and beliefs used to justify their social group's dominant position in society. |
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| linguistic intergroup bias |
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| + descriptions of ingroups, - descriptions of outgroups tend to be made in ABSTRACT terms. (“A is aggressive.”) - descriptions of ingroups, + descriptions of outgroups tend to be made in CONCRETE terms. (“A hit B.”) |
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| Positive stereotypes and social privilege given to physically attractive people. |
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| Research procedure in which subjects are divided into artificial in/outgroups based on arbitrary/false differences. |
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| Prejudice based on the supposed biological superiority of white people, includes support for segregation and opposition to interracial marriages. |
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| organizational discrimation |
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| When corporations and government policies have discriminatory outcomes. |
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| Outgroup homogeneity effect |
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| Tendency for people to see ingroup members as individuals, and outgroup members as difficult to distinguish. |
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| Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy (PGDD) |
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| People tend to think that their group as a whole is more likely to be discrimated against than they personally are. |
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| personal (egoistic) relative deprivation |
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| When a person feels deprived of a benefit simply as an individuals relative to other individuals. |
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| Attitude directed toward people on the basis of thir social category. |
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| Fairness of the process by which rewards are distributed. |
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| Extent to which member of social group fits the observer's concept of the stereotypes associated with that group. |
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| psychological disengagement |
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| defensive detachment of self-esteem from outcomes in a certain domain, such as successes or failures. |
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| enhanced accessibility of suppressed thoughts following suppression attempt |
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| unintended discriminatory behavior, occurs when people are low in cognitive resources |
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| perceived state of being worse off (as an individual, or as a member of a group) relative to others |
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| perceived state of being better off relative to others |
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| view own religion as fundamental source of truth about everything, view self as having special relationship with god |
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| behaviors towards stigmatized persons that are more extreme than those towards a nonstigmatized person in the same situation |
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| right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) |
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| set of attitudes that include obedience to ingroup authorities, aggression towards outgroups, and adherence to traditional values |
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| theory that prejudice is based on stereotypic beliefs about group traits and traits required by various social roles (e.g. women can't lead because they lack leadership abilities) |
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| salient categorization model |
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| states that positive attitudes generated by contact with outgroup members will be generalized to the entire outgroup only if the contacted members are seen as typical of the outgroup |
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| attempt to interpret scientific evidence as justifying White superiority to minority groups |
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| negative effects of hate crime on members of victim's group |
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| feeling better about ourselves by viewing others as relatively worse than ourselves |
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| occurs when our beliefs (stereotypes) about another person cause us to behave towards that person in such a way that we elicit behavior from them that confirms our beliefs |
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| tendency to look down on others when our self-esteem is threatened - doing this can help counteract the threat |
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| states that individuals who see themselves as unprejudiced can become sensitized to environmental cues that can trigger prejudiced responses, and act to avoid these cues |
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| group members view selves in terms of positive group-based stereotypes - personal identity becomes subordinate to group identity, and positive group identity translates into a positive view of the self |
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| sexual orientation hypothesis |
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| suggests that we are more likely to believe feminine men are gay than that masculine women are lesbian |
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| negative regard, inferior status, relative powerlessness accorded to nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationships, communities |
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| states that we evaluate others based on stereotypic expectations of their groups - the same level of performance can result in higher evaluations for members of groups with low expectations, but lower evaluations for members of groups with higher expectations |
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| social dominance orientation (SDO) |
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| individual differences variable - measures desire for one's own group to occupy a dominant position over other groups |
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| part of self-concept that derives from membership in social groups |
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| process of acquiring culture during childhood through direct teaching and observation of adults' behaviors and attitudes |
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| posits that we can learn social behaviors directly (through reward and punishment) or vicariously (by observing others' being rewarded and punished) |
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| states that we observe others and the social roles they occupy, and associate the traits of the role with the people who occupy them |
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| refers to two techniques (best friends procedure and roster and rating procedure) used to measure peer status |
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| degree to which a stereotype is accessible in one's mind |
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| extent to which one uses a stereotype to judge a member of an outgroup |
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| classifies stereotypes along two dimensions of warmth and competence |
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| extent of agreement with stereotypes, belief in their truth/accuracy |
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| stereotype fit hypothesis |
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| stereotypes regarding some social roles are very similar to stereotypes regarding some groups - we evaluate individuals whose group stereotypes are most similar to stereotypes of the social role as more fit to occupy the role |
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| proposition that stigmatized group members are aware of stereotypes and are afraid of confirming them, especially in achievement settings |
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| unequal and harmful group-based treatment that is less visible and obvious than blatant discrimination |
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| more specific categories that are subordinate to more basic categories of sex, race, and age |
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| perception that outgroups hold values that are substantially different from ingroup values |
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| outgroup values perceived as threats to ingroup values |
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| posits that culture defends us from death-related terror - we derogate other groups to preserve our own symbolic immortality |
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| ultimate attribution error |
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| attribute negative ingroup behavior to the situation, negative outgroup behavior to individuals |
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| value difference hypothesis |
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| prejudice is based on perceived differences between ingroup and outgroup values |
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| revenge-taking against outgroup by ingroup members who perceive outgroup aggression, but were not themselves harmed by the outgroup |
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