Term
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Definition
o Metaphor that assumes that immigrants and cultural minorities will be assimilated into the U.S. majority culture, losing their original cultures
o Southern and Eastern European groups were considered to be “assimilatable.”
• This was not the case for Asians, Latin Americans, and Africans. |
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Term
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Definition
- The attitude that u.s. AMericans hold toward new immigrants
- using anglo or white cultural standards as the criteria for interpretations and judgments of behaviors and attitudes |
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Term
| Unethical applications of intercultural information |
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Definition
- Pursuit of intercultural information with the end to proselytize others without their consent (trying to get to know a culture to change/persuade their views and opinions
- Trainers who misrepresent or exaggerate their abilities to change prejudices or racism in brief one-shot training sessions (trying to eliminate prejudice or racism in on sitting)
- White researchers who use students to gain access to minority communities
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Term
| Technology or mediated communication |
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Definition
- Increased contact allows for relationships with people from different cultural backgrounds
- At the same time, mediated communication introduces limitations in regard to nonverbal cues, communication styles, and language
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Term
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Definition
- Perception- people select, evlauate, and organize information from the external environment through perception
- These perceptions determine how they interpret the new information they obtain through their research and how they are influenced by their cultural groups (for example, ethnic, age, gender)
- World views (group perceptions) are rarely questioned compared to individual views.
- Academic research is a cultural behavior and research traditions have been influenced by worldviews about the nature of reality and how research should be conducted
- Research worldviews are often held as strongly as cultural or spiritual beliefs, and there have been serious worldview conflicts among scholars
- How we think about “culture” influences how it is studied
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Term
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Definition
- The existence of a describable external reality. Human behavior is predictable.
- Quantitative methods- data is gathered by questionnaires and sometimes by observing subjects firsthand
- Culture is assumed to be a variable that can be measured, and the goal is to predict how culture influences communication.
- Gudykunst's AUM- the reduction of anxiety and uncertainty plays an important role in successful intercultural communication, particularly when experiencing new cultures.
- Ting-Toomey's Face Negotiation Theory- cultural groups vary in their fundamental concerns regarding how conversational messages should be constructed (cultures differ on how they structure their conversations)
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Term
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Definition
- Reality is constructed by humans
- Human experience, including communication, is subjective
- Culture is created and maintained through communication
- Goal is to understand and describe human behavior
- Qualitative methods
- Ethnography- a discipline that examines the patterned interactions and significant symbols of specific cultural groups to identify the cultural norms that guide their behaviors, usually based on field studies.
- Participant observations- a research method where investigators interact extensively with the cultural group being studied
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Term
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Definition
- Belief in subjective reality
- Focus on macrocontexts (political and social structures)- historical situations, backgrounds, and environments that influence communication.
- Interest in the historical context of communication
- Interested in understanding the power relations in communication
- Examines power dynamics in everydayness and posits that people can learn to resist forces of power and oppression
- Textual analysis and analysis of cultural products (movies, journals, TV)
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Term
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Definition
- How interaction happens and the relations of that interaction
- The processual aspect of intercultural communication (how interaction happens)
- The relational aspect of intercultural communicaton
- It permits holding contradictory ideas simultaneously
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Term
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Definition
- The system by which a country maintains power over other countries or groups of people to exploit them economically, politically, and culturally
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Term
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Definition
- An intellectual, political and cultural movement calling (or insisting) for the independence of colonial states and also liberation from colonialist ways of thinking.
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Term
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Definition
- The process of producing and reproducing cultural patterns
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Term
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Definition
- The process by which persons- both individually and collectively- learn, adopt, and internalize prevailing beliefs, values, and societal norms
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Term
| Postmodernism (definition & characteristics) |
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Definition
- An actual state of affairs in society (we are actually living in it.
- The set of ideas which tries to explain or define this state of affairs
- An artistic style
- A word used in different contexts to cover different aspects of all the above
- The end of history and “man”, the death of the real.
- Characteristics of postmodernity
- The end of history
- The end of “man”
- The death of the real
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Term
| Ferdinand de Saussure- sign (signifier, signified) and difference, semiologiy |
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Definition
- Semiology- a science that studies the life of signs within soiety
- Sign:
- signifier (sound-image)
- signified (mental concept)
- Characteristics of signs:
- Arbitrary (random)
- Difference (able to function because they all have different classifications in different varieties)
- Elements of linguistic study
- Parole (speech)
- Langue (a system of language)
- *The difference between the signifier man and the sign rests ont he difference between the word man and the meaning of that word.
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Term
| Charles Sanders Peirce (semiotics, object, interpretant, representamen) |
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Definition
- Semiotics- the quasi-necessary, or formal, doctrine of signs
- Triadic theory of the sign:
- The Representamen: the form which the sign takes (not necessarily material)
- An Interpretant: the sense made of the sign
- An Object: to which the sign refers
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Term
| Types of signs (indexical, iconic, symbolic) |
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Definition
- Iconic- resemblance- some things get you to think about something else
- Indexical- cause or association- some things get you to think about something else because the thing (signifier) and the something else (signified) are linked by way of cause or association
- Symbolic- convention or agreement- some things get you to think about something else purely because of agreement. The relationship between signifier and signified must be learned.
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Term
| Roland Barthes (denotation, connotation) |
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Definition
- Denotation- literal meaning- lion/large cat
- Connotation- cultural meaning/ideology- king/royalty, fierce/strength, courage/bravery
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Term
| Gender (gender histories, gender identity) |
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Definition
- Gender histories- how cultural conventions of men and owmen are created, maintained, and/or altered.
- Gender identity- the identification with the cultural notions of masculinity and femininity and what it means to be a man or a woman.
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Term
| Relationship between power and history |
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Definition
- Histories only go noted and documented when they are written. Only elite had the power to write and not many people knew how to read or write in the first place, causing extreme history limitations. The elite who had the power or knowledge to have their histories documented had them told how they wanted to be perceived
- Women didn't have enough power in history to document what happened to them first hand.
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Term
| Relationship between culture and identity |
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Definition
- Is there a relationship?
- How do we form identities?
- Who (what) is involved in the formation?
- Think about the definition of culture- if culture is learned pattern of behavior and attitude, then how do we get a sense of who we are?
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Term
| Relationship between culture and communication |
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Definition
- Culture is rhetorical- it communicates to us various notions of who we are and where we belong in the social hierarchy. It conveys to us how to perceive sociality.
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Term
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Definition
- The ability to behave effectively and appropriately in interacting across cultures.
- Learning languages help intercultural competence.
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Term
| Racial identity, Class identity |
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Definition
- Racial identity- identifying with a particular racial group. Although in the past racial groups were classified on the basis of biological characteristics, most scientists now recognize that race is constructed in fluid social and historical contexts.
- Identities are ascribed to us even before we are born.
- Class identity- a sense of belonging to a group that shares similar economic, occupational, or social status.
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Term
| Resistance (majority and minority identity development) |
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Definition
- Which stages each identity is triggered to re-think what culture communicates.
- To resist means to undermine or to reject some systems of beliefs, norms, values and then to figure out how to integrate oneself in a societal schema.
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Term
| Stages of Minority identity development |
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Definition
- Stage 1: unexamined identity (don't have an identity and have high hopes for the majority)
- Stage 2: conformity (internalize dominant group norms)
- Stage 3: resistance and separatism (realize they don't agree with some thing the majority does and seperate themselves)
- Stage 4: integration (final identity outcome is formed)
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Term
| Stages of Majority Identity Development |
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Definition
- Stage 1: unexamined identity
- Stage 2: acceptance (programmed to accept world view)
- Stage 3: resistance (move from blaming minorities to their own dominant group for their situations)
- Stage 4: redefinition (rebecoming comfortable with dominant group)
- Stage 5: integration (know who they are)
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Term
| Characteristics of whiteness |
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Definition
- Privilege and white are not the same thing
- Perception of being in the minority
- White as a liability
- Stronger white identities in states with a higher percentage of non-whites
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Term
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Definition
- Grow up in many different cultural contexts because their parents moved around a lot (for example, children of missionaries, military, or international business employees), and they have unique challenges and opportunities.
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Term
| High-context comm, Low-context comm |
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Definition
- High-context communication- a style of communication in which much of the information is contained in the context and nonverbal cues.
- Low-context communication- a style in which much of the information is conveyed in words and the meaning is in the verbal code.
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Term
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Definition
- semantics- the study of meaning. The relationship between signs and meaning. It attempts to explain how a message is made meaningful, decoded
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Term
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Definition
- Labels- a category of core symbols and are the terms used to refer to aspects of our won and others' identities
- Core symbols- tell us about the fundamental beliefs/central concepts that define a particular identity
- Labels referring to particular identities are significant in intercultural communication because of their relational meanings.
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Term
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Definition
- assumes that we all have the same rnage of thoughts that are expressed through different languages
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Term
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Definition
- assumes that the particular language we speak determines our perception of reality
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Term
| The qualified relativist position |
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Definition
- suggests that language is a tool rather than a mirror of perception; the ways we utilize verbs and nouns may be linked to our "evolved mental machinery"- cognitive skills.
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Term
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Definition
- an expression in which a word(s) is used outside its conventional meaning to express a similar concept
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Term
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Definition
- contextualizes how listeners accept and interpret verbal messages
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Term
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Definition
- When you are born into this world you don't get to make any choices; ideologies preexist before your birth
- As soon as you are born you are interprellated into ideological assumptions; you interpret them and are pulled into certain identities without having any particular control over it.
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Term
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Definition
- The process of constructing misleading and reductionist representations of a minority racial group, often wholly defining members of the group by a small number of characteristics
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Term
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Definition
- First scholar to establish the discipline "history of intercultural communication"
- Focuses on proxemics and nonverbal clues that are culturally sensitive and culturally situated.
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Term
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Definition
- Language shapes our ideas and guides our view of social reality. This hypothesis was proposed by Edward Sapir, a linguist, and his student, Benjamin Whorf, and represents the relativist view of language and perception.
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Term
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Definition
- Created Anxiety Uncertainty Management theory (AUM)
- The reduction of anxiety and uncertainty plays an important role in successful intercultural communication, particularly when experiencing new cultures.
- *An example of social scientific research
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Term
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Definition
- Explains most of intercultural communication practices
- Is dynamic- it shifts depending on social position of the participants and the communicative context
- Critical approach is concerned with the notion of power
- It's impossible to examine and interrogate any kind of communicative behavior outside of the notion of power because it is always present and resides in discourse.
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Term
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Definition
- Associated with postmodern artistic style
- mechanical reproduction of images
- non-correction of mistakes
- depicting and using images that already exist in popular culture
- lack of illusionism- there is no depth in his paintings, no natural shading
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Term
| Culture (definition and components) |
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Definition
- culture- learned patterns of behavior and attitudes shared by a group of people
- Ingredients of culture:
- artifacts/events
- practices/customs
- structures of feeling/concepts
- Traits of culture:
- Collective
- historical
- rhetorical
- ideological
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Term
| Communication/rhetoric (definition, elements of communication process) |
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Definition
- The process of generating symbolic and material content through which we negotiate our relationships with others and our surroundings
- Key elements of process:
- Participants
- Message
- Mode/medium/channel
- Context
- Relationships (effects/functions of conveyed message to participants involved)
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