Term
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Definition
-Is AWARE globally and of their ROLE as a citizen
-Respects and values diversity;
-Has an understanding of how the world works economically, politically, socially, culturally, technologically and environmentally;
-Is outraged by social injustice;
-PARTICIPATES and CONTRIBUTES to the community at a range of levels from local to global;
-IS WILLING TO ACT to make the world a sustainable place;
-Takes responsibility for their actions. |
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Definition
The management of messages with the objective of creating meaning. (p.9)
Sender > Message > Channel > Receiver > Response > Feedback > Environment > Noise |
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Definition
| the rules for living and functioning in society |
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Term
| Five Characteristics of Culture/ Culture Traits |
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Definition
1. LEARNED
2.TRANSMITTER intergenerationally
3. SYMBOLIC
4. DYNAMIC
5. ETHNOCENTRIC |
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Definition
| occurs when a person from one culture sends a message to be processed by a person from a different culture |
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Definition
| the tendency to view ones own culture as superior to others |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from others.” |
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Term
| Five Dimensions along which national cultures vary |
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Definition
Power Distance: related to the different solutions to the basic problem of human inequality
Uncertainty Avoidance: related to the level of stress in a society in the face of unknown future
Individualism vs Collectivism: related to the integration of individuals into primary groups
Masculinity vs Femininity: related to the division of emotional roles between women and men
Long Term vs Short Term Orientation: related to the choice of focus for people’s efforts: the future or the present and past (pg. 23) |
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Definition
related to the different solutions to the basic problem of human inequality
Low: germanic, english speaking- western countries
high: east european, latin, asian and african countries |
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Definition
related to the level of stress in a society in the face of unknown future
strong: East and Central European, Latin, German-speaking countries, and Japan
weak: english speaking, nordic and chinese cultures |
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Term
| individualism vs collectivism |
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Definition
related to the integration of individuals into primary groups
individualistic: western countries
collectivistic: less developed and eastern countries |
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Term
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Definition
related to the division of emotional roles between women and men
high masculinity:Japan, German-speaking, some Latin (Italy, Mexico) countries
high femininity:Nordic and some Latin (France, Spain, Portugal) and Asian countries |
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Term
| long term vs short term orientation |
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Definition
related to the choice of focus for people’s efforts: the future or the present and past (pg. 23)
long term:East Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea)
short term:African and Islamic countries |
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Term
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Definition
A. Physical appearance
B. Proxemics—interpersonal space & distance
C. Chronemics—time
D. Kinesics—facial expression, body movement, & gestures.
E. Haptics—touch
F. Oculesics—eye contact
G. Vocalics—voice
H. Olfactics—smell |
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Term
| seven cultural dimensions |
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Definition
A. Context (High context/Low context)
B. Identity (Individualism and Collectivism)
C. Power Distance
D. Gender (Masculinity/Femininity)
E. Uncertainty (Tolerance/Avoidance)
F. Time (Long Term/Short Term)
G. Immediacy (High contact/Low contact) |
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Term
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Definition
are actions that signal closeness, intimacy, and availability for communication rather than avoidance and greater psychological distance” (p. 307)
Smiling, touching, eye contact, closer distances, and more vocal animation |
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Term
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Definition
| parents, religious instructions, education in the schools, and personal experiences. |
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Term
| three types of world view |
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Definition
scientific
metaphysical
religious |
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Definition
| “It is open and self-correcting in accordance with new systematic and methodical findings.” |
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Term
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Definition
| It is “… apt to consist of certain types of unnatural beings, their characteristics, and their relationships.” |
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Term
| Eastern/Western Religions |
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Definition
“Eastern and Western religious traditions account for about 80% of the world’s population.”
Similarities (p. 60): Sacred writings; authority figure; rituals; speculation; ethics.
Differences p 60 |
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Term
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Definition
is both an identity and a social structure—it is both who I am …and the structure of power which privileges me, makes me the benefactor of power in unseen (to me) ways” (p. 105)
-social structure
-educational system
-language preferences |
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Term
| How many people suffer from disabilities? |
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Definition
| U.S. Census Bureau over 41 million Americans over 5 suffer from various types od disabilities (i.e. Veterans) |
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Term
| Persons with disabilties go through a three part redefinition.. |
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Definition
Persons with disabilities go through a 3-part process of redefinition:
1) redefining self as apart of a “new” culture
2) redefining disability
3) redefining disability for the dominant culture |
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Term
| When nondisabled people communicate with disabled people |
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Definition
-Intent vs. Perception
Large, vocal, and dynamic group:
-Longer life-span
-Medical technological advances
* Indicates a need for effective communication* |
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Term
disability define
five life functions that can be affect by having a disability |
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Definition
describes those limitations that a person can overcome or compensate for by some means.
5 Life Functions that may be affected by disabilities:
a. mobility
b. employment
c. self-care
d. social-relationships
e. communication |
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Term
| When does a disability become a handicap |
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Definition
A disability becomes a Handicap when the physical or social environment interacts with it to impede a person in some aspect of his or her life.
Physical Limitations become handicaps for all of us when the physical environment can not be adapted to meet our shortcomings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Social Relationships and communication often present more formidable challenges also known as “-------------”. (physical barriers are easier to identify and overcome) |
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Term
| Nondisabled people have the hardest time coping. Their perseptions of disabled people are often stereotypical: |
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Definition
| -Disabled people are dependent, socially introverted, emotionally unstable, depressed, hypersensitive, and easily offended. |
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Term
All this produces an ethnocentric bias that ignores the perspective of the disabled culture.
three focuses of researchers that create these biases? |
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Definition
Few researchers studied disabled persons communication, but focus on nondisabled reactions to disabled others.
Many researchers talk about people with disabilities, not with them.
Researchers typically take the perspective of the nondisabled person |
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Term
| Process of Redefinition for Ppl with Disabilities |
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Definition
Some view disabilities in a broad spectrum, others refer to only those who have similar disabilities.
Many disabled people identify with other minority groups, specifically groups of color; people don’t like them because they are different and have a loss of status / power
Being born with disability vs acquiring disability
Adjusting to disability happens in 3 stages: isolation, recognition, incorporation. |
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Term
| Second step of defining the concept of disabilities |
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Definition
-Looking at disability as one of many characteristics of a person
Disability is context specific
Preferring to be identified as a person with a handicapped condition over being a handicapped person |
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Term
| third step of redefining disabilty within a nonculture context |
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Definition
| -People with disabilities want to be seen as a PERSON first and disabled second. |
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Term
| 3 General Statements made about the Homosexual Culture |
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Definition
Being open about sexual orientation is a political statement
Lesbian and Gay culture must deal with tensions relating to how open one should be about his/her sexuality
Although lesbian and gay culture is generally characterized as being about sexual attraction/desire, it is about much, much more than just sex |
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Term
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Definition
| More than other non-majority groups lesbians and gay men have a better chance of living undetected by individuals within mainstream society. |
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Term
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Definition
Perpetuate Stereotypes and promote tolerance and acceptance.
Stereotypes about Gay Males:
Gay males are effeminate
Sick, or mentally ill
Sexual predators
Violent
*Stems from news being interested in gay serial killers/unusual sexual practices and the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among the gay male community |
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Term
| Went through 4 stages over time: |
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Definition
recognizing men as homosexual
Ridiculing them
Accepting them as cutting edge
Portraying them with respect |
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Term
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Definition
| assumption that behaviors of heterosexuals is “normal” whereas homosexuals’ behaviors are “deviant” instead of being viewed as “different” |
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Term
| The Process of Coming Out |
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Definition
1. “Recognizing … feelings” & “Telling … others …”
2. “Summarizing self-concepts … into a personal identity …”
3. “Developing … a social identity”
4. “Disclosing” the identity …
5. “Developing capabilities to have intimate …relationships”
6. “Becoming a member of a … community” |
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Term
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Definition
| a group decision making protocol, which is rooted in Japanese traditions of interpersonal harmony, cooperation, and consensus. |
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Term
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Definition
| face-to-face conference, which is the key to Japanese decision making. |
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Term
| what perpetuates group orientation |
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Definition
Although younger generations are becoming more individualistic, Japanese organizations are still group oriented.
Salaried workers are recruited from high school during April and then trained and indoctrinated into their workplace. |
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Term
| Japanese organizations are reluctant to hire workers who have had previous work experience with other companies… |
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Definition
| They may “disrupt” the harmony. |
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Term
| Japanese Ringi: Group Decision Making Process |
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Definition
Lower-/middle-level manager (Plan initiators) to discuss the idea informally with key individuals, and, later, draft a proposal
Proposal being circulated among all the executives and managers regardless of their levels—lengthy process.
C. Being submitted to the president
D. CEOs and managers make decisions based on group consensus. |
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Term
| American’s get frustrated with Japanese People |
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Definition
Can’t read Japanese counterparts’ subtle non-verbals
Nodding and saying “yes yes” can have multiple meanings
Saying “Yes, I don’t agree with you” literally means “Yes, you’re right.” |
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Term
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Definition
The degree to which people follow explicit and implicit rules of behavior.
Japan is a society with social order.
“The formal education process prevalent in a culture is tied directly to the values and characteristics of that culture.”
“Socialization of children in any society is done with the explicit purpose of preparing children for entry into society” |
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Term
| Japanese Schools: Preschool/Kindergarten |
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Definition
To gain every advantage to help their child get into the best schools many attend preschool, and for a nice price.
Students wear uniforms, in which colored lettering on the shirts is the only outward appearance that differentiates boys from girls.
Promotes Group Learning.
*Perpetuating a Collectivistic Culture |
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Term
| Japanese Elementary Schools and Hans |
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Definition
Unlike United States they practice transiting from home to school in a group lead by older students. (This has multiple benefits)
Students are divided into Han groups at school or platoon, squad, working groups.
Hans have 5-8 children but they are treated as one |
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Term
Japanese Middle & High School Students
Define Juku |
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Definition
All students are required to wear uniforms-outwardly identify age group and institution.
Same year students are grouped together
At the end of school they will spend up to 20 minutes doing janitorial chores.
After-school clubs-sports or culture
Many go to juku 2-3 times per week for a few hours of additional classroom work |
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Term
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Definition
Freedom and Anxiety
“Retreats” are designed to help entering students form new relationships. Normally last a week and is held before the start of the first term.
ALL FIRST YEAR students take first-year level classes. |
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Term
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Definition
popular sayings such as proverbs.
They “… reflect many of the basic values of contemporary Mexican society …” (p. 289) |
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Term
Dichos
1. Acceptance of God's Will |
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Definition
There is no bad that good does not accompany)
“… to relish the challenge of finding happiness in the face of adversity” (p. 290 |
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Term
Dichos
2. There is Danger in Trust |
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Definition
“It is a great risk to have faith in another; therefore, trust must never be granted lightly” (p. 290)Do not trust a reconciled friend nor a dish twice cooked)
“If a trust has been betrayed, the lost trust can never be recovered” (p. 290) |
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Term
Dichos
3. The importance of appearance |
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Definition
Tell me with whom you associate, and I will tell you who you are)
Quien anda con lobos a aullar se aprenda
(One who goes around with wolves learns to howl)
“One must choose associates with great care” (p. 291) |
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Term
Dichos
4. Respect for Privacy |
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Definition
(Water that you do not have drink, leave it to flow)
En boca cerrada no entran moscas
(Flies do not enter a closed mouth) |
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Term
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Definition
(Much help, little work)
Vida sin amigos, muerte sin testigos
(Life without friends; death without witnesses. Life without friends, no mourners when it ends) |
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Term
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Definition
| (The love of mother or father, everything else is air) |
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Term
| Mexican V American Sense of Space |
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Definition
“Our sense of space is directly tied to how we perceive our connection to other people” (p. 321)
A. “Circling around the individual” vs.
“Circling around the group”
Americans “… prefer to spread out, [and] Mexicans tend to congregate” (p. 321) |
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Term
| Most Mexicans perceive US Americans as being “cold and distant” Why? |
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Definition
US Americans: more comfortable being separated; “… feel threatened if … personal space is invaded.”
Mexicans: more comfortable being part of a group; “… are alarmed if … group space is invaded.” |
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Term
| Mexican vs American Space diff in social and work enviroments |
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Definition
a. Appropriate space in social life
e.g., shopping space; space between a woman and a man;
b. Appropriate space in work environments
-Mexican men and women tend to work closer whereas Americans stand an arm’s length apart (anything closer may be viewed as flirting)
*The Mexican boss will have a large office and desk to emphasize hierarchical distance |
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Term
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Definition
| Mexicans feel threatened when their group space is invaded. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals’ use of language (word choice, slang, accents, syntax) and [their] tendencies to interpret and understand this language in a certain way are dependent on [their] cultural membership” (p. 282) |
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Term
| Msayra defined and its four communication qualities |
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Definition
To accommodate or go along with.
Arab cultural communication codes (p. 283)
>It consists of four communication features:
A. Repetition
B. Indirectness
C. Elaboration
D. Affectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| communication is characterized by repetitive statements that are formulaic in nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| communication strategy that reflects the cultural tendency to be interpersonally cautious and responsive to context |
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Term
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Definition
| pertains to an expressive and compassing style. Leads to deeper connection between speakers and affirms relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| an intuitive and emotional style. Allows for identification with the person and maintenance of an engaged relationship |
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Term
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Definition
Israeli-Jews cultural communication codes
Used to express strong native identity. This is a communicative expression of pride resulting from years of being an oppressed and dislocated people (until the establishment of the state of Israel)
“Straight talk”: Direct, explicit, and clear |
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Term
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Definition
| When face-to-face won’t work: Use of informal intermediaries to communicate interpersonally in Sub-Saharan AFrica |
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Term
| Face negotiation theory and politeness theory. |
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Definition
| Both predict the type of facework that is likely to be used in a given situation or the communicative behavior that individuals use to manage their own face and to uphold or threaten the face of others. |
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Term
| Intermediate Communication |
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Definition
“The informal use of uninvolved persons to mediate disputes or to convey information …”
“… intermediaries are used frequently and intentionally …” in many sub-Saharan African cultures.
Situations: supervisors & subordinates;
co-workers; parents & children;
siblings; couples; friends |
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Term
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Definition
Used to deal with issues related to conflicts.
Marital and financial problems
-or- another common use is for….
Conduit- the transmission of bad news |
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Term
| Who can assume the role of intermediaries? |
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Definition
Answer: Co-workers; relatives (e.g., grandparents; parents); friends; pastors.
II. Everyday use of intermediated communication in Kenya
“… 40-50 distinct indigenous cultural and linguistic groups, each with its own rules, values, and traditions.” |
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Term
| The role of intermediaries depends on three point |
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Definition
A. Magnitude of threat to face
e.g., father-daughter; husband-wife
B. Power differential between parties
e.g., the role of father;
the role of husband
C. Social distance between interactants
e.g., relatives and friends |
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