Term
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Definition
| perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our world |
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Term
| how does culture affect perception |
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Definition
| it affects our perception of the elderly, youth, and social status |
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Term
characteristics of perception
selective |
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Definition
| you only allow selective stimuli through and them remove the rest |
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Term
characteristics of perception
learned |
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Definition
| we were born in this world without meanings, our culture gives meaning to our experience |
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Term
characteristics of perception
culturally determined |
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Definition
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Term
characteristics of perception
could be consistent |
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Definition
| perception could be resistant to change |
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Term
characteristics of perception
subjective |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
based on our beliefs (famlily)
shared ideas about what is true, right and beautiful
values are affected by religion, family, etc. |
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Term
| what are the 3 types of values |
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Definition
1. primary- values worth dying for
2. secondary- important values
3. tertiary- least important |
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Term
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Definition
| you are more than your culture, the dominant values of culture may not be shared by all individuals in that culture |
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Term
| cultural patterns are integrated |
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Definition
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Term
| cultural patterns are dynamic |
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Definition
| cultures changes and so do their values |
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Term
| cultural patterns are contradictory |
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Definition
| "all people are created equal" yet there are the very rich and the very poor |
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Term
Values Americans Live By
Personal control over nature |
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Definition
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Term
Values Americans Live By
change in progress |
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Definition
change, progress
emphasize the future
ability to control all aspects of life
a "doing" culture |
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Term
Values Americans Live By
time and its control |
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Definition
| schedules, deadline, due dates, meetings, agenda, etc. |
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Term
Values Americans Live By
equality/egalitarianism |
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Definition
"all men are created equal"
equal social relationships at work and at home
first name basis
minimal social status |
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Term
Values Americans Live By
individuality and privacy |
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Definition
John Locke- "The basic unit of nature"
each person is unique, special, different
equality of opportunity
a culture of voluntarism |
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Term
Values Americans Live By
self-help control |
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Definition
independence
initiative
self-reliance
individual achievement |
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Term
Values Americans Live By
competition and free enterprise |
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Definition
| children are taught very early on to be competitive |
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Term
Values Americans Live By
future orientated |
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Definition
change, taking chances, optimism
value future more than past/present |
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Term
Values Americans Live By
action/work orientation |
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Definition
hard-work
the importance of leisure time |
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Term
Values Americans Live By
informality |
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Definition
first name basis
perceive no need for titles of distinction |
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Term
Values Americans Live By
directness, openness, honesty |
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Definition
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Term
Values Americans Live By
practicality and efficacy |
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Definition
- garage sales
- "go dutch"
- cheaper gifts ok |
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Term
Values Americans Live By
materialism/acquisitiveness |
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Definition
hard work
to have material and be physically comfortable |
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Term
Values Americans Live By
science and technology |
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Definition
modern civilization depends on society
science has an answer to every problem |
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Term
| what are the 5 universal questions every individual must deal with? |
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Definition
1. what's the character of human nature
2. what is the relationship between humans and nature
3. what is the orientation towards time
4. what is the value placed on activity
5. what is the relationship of people towards each other |
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Term
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Definition
evil- religion
good and evil- mainstream america
good- confucianism and buddhism |
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Term
PERSON/NATURE ORIENTATION
subject to nature |
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Definition
the most powerful forces of life are beyond human control
God, fate, or magic
india, latin america |
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Term
PERSON/NATURE ORIENTATION
harmony with nature |
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Definition
nature is part of life
people should live in harmony with nature
east asian, native americans |
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Term
PERSON/NATURE ORIENTATION
master of nature |
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Definition
nature is to be conquered
tame the wilderness
western europe, north america |
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Term
TIME ORIENTATION
past orientation |
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Definition
deep history, tradition
native americans, china, japan, great britain |
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Term
TIME ORIENTATION
present orientation |
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Definition
what is real exists in the here and now
enjoy the present
latin america, af. america, mexican, phillippines |
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Term
TIME ORIENTATION
future orientation |
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Definition
the future is greater than the present
things will always be/look better
tend to look forward
us dominant culture |
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Term
ACTIVITY ORIENTATION
being orientation |
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Definition
accept people, events, and ideas as flowing spontaneously
the current activity is the one that matters most
latin america |
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Term
ACTIVITY ORIENTATION
being-in-becoming orientation |
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Definition
value a spiritual life
development and growth
meditation
ex: religion w/ heaven |
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Term
ACTIVITY ORIENTATION
doing orientation |
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Definition
activity and action
work efficiency, change time, progress
go-getters
people gather for action
america |
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Term
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Definition
a person's self-concept
your self-definition
identity as abstract, complex
identity changes with life |
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Term
Turner's 3 categories of identity
human identities |
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Definition
| set you apart from other life-forms |
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Term
Turner's 3 categories of identity
social identities |
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Definition
| the in-group/out group dichotomy |
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Term
Turner's 3 categories of identity
personal identity |
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Definition
| what sets you apart from your in-group members |
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Term
Hall's 3 levels
personal identities |
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Definition
| what makes you unique and distinct from others |
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Term
Hall's 3 levels
relational identities |
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Definition
| a product of our relations to others |
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Term
Hall's 3 levels
communal identities |
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Definition
| our identity in relation to large-scale communities, such as nationality, ethnicity, gender, religion, political party |
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Term
Phinney's 3 stage development model
1. unexamined ethnic identity |
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Definition
| lack of explanation of ethnicity |
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Term
Phinney's 3 stage development model
2. ethnic identity search |
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Definition
| become interested in learning about one's ethnic identity |
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Term
Phinney's 3 stage development model
3. ethnic achievement |
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Definition
| clear and confident of one's cultural identity |
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Term
Martin & Nakayama;s 4 stage model
MINORITY
1. unexamined identity |
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Definition
| identities are not explored |
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Term
Martin & Nakayama;s 4 stage model
MINORITY
2. conformity |
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Definition
| try to fit in, may possess negative self-image |
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Term
Martin & Nakayama;s 4 stage model
MINORITY
3. resistance and separatism |
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Definition
| cultural awakening and greater adherence to one's own culture |
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Term
Martin & Nakayama;s 4 stage model
MINORITY
4. integration |
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Definition
| pride in one own's culture group and acceptance of other culture |
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Term
Martin & Nakayama;s 4 stage model
MAJORITY
1. UNEXAMINED IDENTITY |
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Definition
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Term
Martin & Nakayama;s 4 stage model
MAJORITY
2. acceptance |
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Definition
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Term
Martin & Nakayama;s 4 stage model
MAJORITY
3. resistance |
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Definition
| may began to question one's own culture and increase association with minority culture members |
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Term
Martin & Nakayama;s 4 stage model
MAJORITY
4. redefinition and reintegration |
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Definition
| an increased understanding of one's dominant culture identity, an appreciation of minority culture |
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Term
what is the biracial model
(3 steps) |
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Definition
1. become conscious of their difference
2. struggle to be accepted and feeling that they should choose one race or another
3. accept their duality, become self-confident |
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Term
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Definition
| a cognitive structure containing the perceiver's knowledge, beliefs and expectations about some human social groups |
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Term
LANGUAGE VARIATIONS
accent |
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Definition
| variations in pronunciations in the same language |
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Term
LANGUAGE VARIATIONS
dialect |
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Definition
| difference in vocab and grammar and pronunciations |
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Term
LANGUAGE VARIATIONS
argot/codewords |
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Definition
| private vocab peculiar to a co-culture group |
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Term
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Definition
| means to mark social and linguistic identity |
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Term
LANGUAGE VARIATIONS
conversational taboos |
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Definition
| income, age, etc (in the u.s.) |
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Term
| what is the sapir-whorf hypothesis |
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Definition
| the language we speak shapes our perception of reality |
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Term
| what 5 things should be kept in mind when speaking to a non-native english speaker |
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Definition
1. mindfulness
2. speech rate
3. vocab
4. monitor their nonverbal feedback
5. checking
"do you understand what i mean?" |
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Term
| what are the 5 functions of nonverbal communication |
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Definition
1. expressing internal states
- it's very hard to lie about your emotions
2. creating identity
- ppl draw a mental pic of you based on your appearance
3. regulating interaction
- looking at your watch, cracking nuckles
4. repeating/reinforcing the message
5. substituting for words |
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Term
| define nonverbal comm- intentional |
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Definition
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Term
| define nonverbal comm- unintentional |
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Definition
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Term
| define nonverbal comm- interacting with verbal messages |
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Definition
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Term
| guidelines in studying nonverbal comm (NC)- 4 points |
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Definition
1. NC can be ambiguous
2. multiple factors can influence NC
EX: gender, age
3. NC is contextual
4. NC is learned |
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Term
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Definition
-appearance
- judgement of beauty
- skin color
- attire |
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Term
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Definition
- posture (slouching, bowing)
- gesture
- facial expressions |
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Term
| what are the 6 universal expression |
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Definition
| 1. happiness 2. sadness 3. fear 4. anger 5. disgust 6. surprise |
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Term
body language (conti)
eye contact and gaze |
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Definition
cultures w. eye contact: middle east, us, french, deaf
cultures that dont: japan, korea, nat amer. |
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Term
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Definition
1. professional
- hairdresser, dr
2. social politeness
- greeting, high five
3. friendship touch
- concern and caring between family/friends
4. love-intimate
- hugging, kissing
5. sexual
- sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
1. vocal qualifiers- volume, pitch, tempo, rate
2. vocal characterizers
- laughing, crying, moaning, yawning
3. vocal segregates
- audible sounds that arent words: mmm, uhh |
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Term
space and distance
personal space
4 types |
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Definition
- intimate- less that 18 in (very personal)
- casual-personal- 18in-4ft, no physical contact, speak in normal voice
- social- 4-12ft, business is conducted
- public- more than 12 ft |
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Term
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Definition
| sitting side by side is preferred for asians, other cultures dont mind sitting in front of each other |
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Term
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Definition
some cultures surprised that tv is the center
less office cubes in japan |
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Term
Time
2 ways to organize it |
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Definition
1. monochronic time:
time as linear & segmented, use of schedules and appt's, task centered , dislike spontaneity
2. polychronic time
people/relationship are centered, it's more important to build your relationship with others than to be on time, more "interruptions" |
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Term
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Definition
"silence is also speech"
- talk valued by Jews, italians, arabs, french, greek
- silence is valued by easterns, they avoid conflict |
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Term
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Definition
deep negative feelings associated with a particular group
it is a learned action
can be good, bad.. |
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Term
| what are the 4 functions of prejudice |
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Definition
1. ego-defensive function
"i didn't get the job cause they're racist"
2. utilitarian funciton
"you're lucky you even have a job"
3. value expressive function
(ideologies, religion)
4. knowledge function
(cognitive shortcuts) |
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Term
| Allport's 5 levels of prejudice |
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Definition
1. antisolution- talking bad
2. avoid or withdraw from context w/ them
3. discrimination- exclude members of that group from opportunities
4. physical attack
5. extermination |
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Term
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Definition
1. societal sources
- laws, regulations that enforce prejudice
2. maintaining social identity
"out group is threatening who we are"
3. scapegoating
- a particular group blamed for event/circumstance |
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Term
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Definition
1. positive personal conduct
2. education |
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Term
what is racism
what are the 2 forms |
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Definition
the belief in the inherent superiority of a particular group
1. personal 2. institutional |
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Term
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Definition
-one's own culture is superior to any other in their eyes
- ethnocentrism is universal and contributes to cultural identity
could be positive or negative |
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Term
| how to avoid ethncentrism |
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Definition
| be open minded to new views/ideas |
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