Term
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Definition
hearing: vibrations that travel along acoustic nerves to your brain, which interprets them as words and voice tone
listening: involves receiving, attending to, understanding, responding to, and recalling sounds and visual images |
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Term
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Definition
| receiving, attending, understanding, responding, and recalling |
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Term
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Definition
1.the first step is receiving; seeing visual input and hearing auditory input
a. enhance receiving by becoming aware of and controlling noise pollution |
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Term
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Definition
1.devoting attention to the information you’ve received
a. salience: what catches attention |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.interpreting meaning by comparing newly received information against past knowledge (schema) |
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Term
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Definition
1.clearly and constructively providing feedback to the speaker
a.Feedback: verbally and nonverbally communicating attention and understanding while others are talking
I.can be positive or negative
ii. paraphrasing
iii. discussion: response types |
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Term
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Definition
1.remembering information after you’ve received, attended to, understood, and responded to it
a. accuracy depends on the situation
I. conflict, remember behaviors as more positive/ others as negative
ii.multitasking |
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Term
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Definition
verbally and nonverbally communicating attention and understanding while others are talking
i.can be positive or negative
ii.paraphrasing
iii.discussion: response types |
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Term
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Definition
| verbal and nonverbal behaviors such as nodding and making comments--like "uh-huh" "yes"--that signal you've paid attention to and understood specific comments |
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Term
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Definition
| summarizing others' comments after they have finished, check accuracy of understanding |
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Term
| five functions of listening |
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Definition
| listening to comprehend, discern, analyze, appreciate, support |
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Term
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Definition
| accurately interpret information to recall it later |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguishing specific sounds from each other, listen for mood |
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Term
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Definition
| evaluate message you receive and judge it |
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Term
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Definition
| goal to simply enjoy sounds and sights you're experiencing and the express appreciation |
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Term
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Definition
| providing comfort to a conversational partner |
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Term
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Definition
• a habituated pattern of listening behaviors
types: people, action, content, and time |
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Term
| people-centered listening style |
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Definition
| listening with a concern for other’s emotions and feelings; view listening as an opportunity to establish commonalities between themselves and others |
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Term
| action-centered listening style |
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Definition
| listening with a preference or emphasis on organized, accurate, and concise messages; want brief, to-the-point, and accurate messages from others--information they can then use to make decisions or initiate courses of action |
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Term
| content-centered listening style |
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Definition
| listening with a focus on the facts and details of the message; prefer to be intellectually challenged by the messages they receive during interpersonal encounters |
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Term
| time-centered listening style |
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Definition
| listening with a focus on conveying a message in the shortest amount of time possible, prefer brief and concise encounters |
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Term
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Definition
| monopolizing: listening for things that apply only to you, turn conversation back on you; self absorbed listening: the perpetrator ignores what others have to say and redirects the conversation to their own interests |
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Term
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Definition
| pay attention to certain bits; takind in only those bits and pieces of information that are immediately salient during an interpersonal encounter and dismissing the rest |
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Term
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Definition
| pretending to listen; behaving as if you're paying attention though you're really not |
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Term
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Definition
| (ambushing) : weakness in a person’s argument; attack their conversational partners |
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Term
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Definition
| •when people intentionally and systematically set up situations so they can listen to private conversations |
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Term
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Definition
| stop listening because you know what someone will say |
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Term
| six types of ineffective listening |
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Definition
| Prof SNAPE, prejudging, selective, narcissistic, aggressive, pseudo, eavesdropping |
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Term
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Definition
when we receive more messages than we can reason
ex. multitasking, receiving messages from various sources at one time
ly process |
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Term
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Definition
| message filled with extensive details, jargon, or challenging arguments |
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Term
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Definition
| define word meaning: they tell us which words represent which object; |
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Term
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Definition
| govern how we use language when we verbally communicate |
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Term
Characteristics of Verbal Communication SAAAGR
Verbal Communication: the exchange of spoken language with others during an interaction |
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Definition
| symbolic, governed by rules, flexible, cultural, evolves, |
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Term
| language is governed by rules |
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Definition
| constitutive rules and regulative rules |
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Term
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Definition
| use items to represent other things; words are the primary symbols we use to represent people, objects, events, and ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| personal idioms and dialects |
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Term
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Definition
| words and phrases that have unique meanings to them |
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Term
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Definition
| large groups of people share creative variations on language rules |
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Term
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Definition
| bolster a sense of cultural identity and connectedness, high-context, low-context |
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Term
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Definition
| such as in China, Korea, and Japan, people presume that listeners share extensive knowledge in common with them |
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Term
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Definition
| people tend not to presume that listeners share their beliefs, attitudes, and values, so they tailor their verbal communication to be informative, clear, and direct |
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Term
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Definition
| language constantly changes |
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Term
| functions of verbal communication |
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Definition
| sharing meaning, shaping thought, naming, performing actions, crafting conversations, managing relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| is what you find in dictionaries; the literal, conventional meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| additional understandings of a word's meaning based on the situation and knowledge we and our communication partners share; context/ relationally based and can vary from person to person |
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Term
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Definition
| we cannot conceive of that for which we lack a vocabulary--that language quite literally defines the boundaries of our thinking; "at mercy" of language |
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Term
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Definition
| people from different cultures would perceive and think about the world in very different ways |
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Term
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Definition
| creating linguistic symbols for objects |
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Term
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Definition
| the actions we perform with language; types: representative, directive, commissive, expressive, declarative |
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Term
| cooperative verbal communication |
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Definition
| you produce messages that have three characteristics, speak in ways others can understand, take ownership by "I", feel included "we" |
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Term
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Definition
| making our conversational contributions as informative, honest, relevant, and clear as is required, given the purposes of the encounters in which were involved |
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Term
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Definition
| phrases that place the focus of attention and blame on other people |
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Term
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Definition
| phrases that emphasize ownership of your feelings, opinions, and beliefs; less likely to trigger defensiveness on the part of your listeners than "you" language |
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Term
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Definition
| wordings that emphasize inclusion--tend to be more satisfied with their relationships than those who routinely rely on "I" and "you" messages |
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Term
| Communication Accommodation Theory |
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Definition
people adopt their language when they:
seek social approval, want to establish relationships, view other's language usage as appropriate
convergence and divergence |
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Term
| convergence accommodation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| over accommodation: too much (accent); under accommodation: too little; not trying to |
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Term
| communication apprehension |
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Definition
| fear or anxiety associated with interaction that keeps them from being able to communicate cooperatively |
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Term
| Language is arbitrary, abstract, ambiguous |
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Definition
| language is arbitrary: not intrinsically connected to what they represent; ex “book”; language is ambiguous: meaning is not clear cut; ex “affordable”; language is abstract: not concrete or tangible; ex “freedom” |
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Term
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Definition
| impolite messages delivered in response to suggestions, criticism, or perceived slights; four types: dogmatic, superiority, indifference, control; is interpersonally incompetent: violates norms |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to attack others self-concepts rather than their positions on topics on conversation |
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Term
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Definition
| the intentional or unintentional transmission of meaning through an individual's nonspoken physical and behavioral cues |
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Term
| nonverbal communication codes |
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Definition
| the different means used for transmitting information nonverbally; 8 types: kinesics, vocalics, haptics, proxemics, chronemics, physical appearance, artifacts, environment |
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Term
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Definition
| visible body movements, including facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, and body postures |
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Term
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Definition
| emblems, illustrators, regulators, adaptors |
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Term
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Definition
| represent specific verbal meanings, the gestures and its verbal meaning are interchangeable; say or do "wave" vs say hi; substitution/repetition |
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Term
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Definition
| accent or illustrate verbal messages;complementing/ enhance verbal message |
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Term
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Definition
control the exchange of conversational turns during interpersonal encounters;
regulation/ manage conversation with nonverbal communication |
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Term
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Definition
are touching gestures that serve a psychological or physical purpose;
self soothing/ body or object adaptor/ touch |
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Term
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Definition
| straightness of back, body lean, head position, straightness of shoulders; immediacy and power |
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Term
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Definition
| is the degree to which you find someone interesting and attractive |
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Term
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Definition
| is the ability to influence or control other people or events |
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Term
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Definition
| vocal characteristics such as loudness, pitch, speech, rate, and tone; |
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Term
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Definition
| duration, placement, and strength of touch; using touch to communicate nonverbally; functional-professional, social-polite, friendship-warmth, love-intimacy, sexual-arousal, aggressive-hostile |
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Term
| functional-professional touch |
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Definition
| accomplish some type of task; doctor |
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Term
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Definition
| derives from social norms and expectations; handshake |
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Term
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Definition
| gently grasping a friend's arm and giving it a squeeze-to express liking another person |
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Term
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Definition
| cupping a romantic partner's face tenderly in your hands, giving a lingering hug, convey deep emotional feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| physically stimulate another person |
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Term
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Definition
| involves forms of physical violence like grabbing, slapping, and hitting--behaviors designed to hurt others |
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Term
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Definition
| use of physical distance; intimate space, personal space, social space, public space |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ranges from 18-4 feet; occupy space with friends |
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Term
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Definition
| ranges from 4-12 feet; workplace acquaintances, strangers |
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Term
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Definition
| ranges from 12 to upward, public speeches/ college lectures |
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Term
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Definition
| is the tendency to claim physical spaces as our own and to define certain locations as areas we don't want others to invade without permission |
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Term
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Definition
| organization and use of time; the way you use time to communicate during interpersonal encounters |
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Term
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Definition
| monochromic; orientation value careful scheduling and time management; time is precious |
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Term
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Definition
| polychromic; orientation don't view time as a resource to be spent, saved, or guarded; time isn't wasted |
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Term
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Definition
| personal possessions displayed to others; the things we possess that influence how we see ourselves and that we use to express our identity to others--constitute another code of nonverbal communication; communicate power or status |
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Term
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Definition
| structure of physical surroundings; the physical features of our surroundings: fixed feature, semi-fixed features |
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Term
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Definition
| are stable and unchanging environmental elements such as walls, floors, ceilings, |
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Term
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Definition
| are impermanent and usually easy to changel the include furniture, color, |
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Term
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Definition
| postures, pictures, clothes |
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Term
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Definition
| interpersonal communication and cohesiveness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 4 Main Distinctions from Verbal Communication |
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Definition
1.uses multiple channels
2.is more ambiguous
3.has fewer rules
4.conveys 60-90% of meaning interaction |
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Term
Expectancy Violation Theory( EVT)
Burgoon (1987)
Purpose
Expectancy |
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Definition
| Purpose: EVT attempts to explain an individual's reaction to unexpected or ambiguous behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| framing devices that characterize and structure interpersonal interaction |
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Term
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Definition
prediction of what they think will happen, not what the desire to happen; changes based on person or; relationship (think schema); primarily based upon: ◾social norms: elevator,
relational norms; specific characteristics of the communicator (reward value) |
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Term
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Definition
| violations: a break of what an individual aspects will happen in an interaction; caused increased awareness; compel the recipient to make cognitive appraisals of the violation and response outcomes; likely that person will be more attentive toward future messages (person, content, etc) |
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Term
| Expectancies Interpreting Violation: valence, expectedness, importance |
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Definition
| violation on valence: positive or negative (can depend upon the liking between the two people); violation expectedness: extent to which behavior varies from range of expectations; violation importance: extent to which it is perceived to impact the relationship |
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Term
Expectancies Research Context
relationship types, sexual resistance |
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Definition
relationship types: cross-sex friends and dating relationship
sexual resistance: makes a person/situation: vulnerable, volatile, emotionally sensitive, have heightened emotional stress, and physiological arousal |
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Term
| Expectancy Study Results (Bevan 2003) |
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Definition
sexual resistance in cross-sex friendships: more relationally important than new dating relationships
sexual resistance in dating relationships: more unexpected and more negatively valenced in new dating relationship
message directness: more relationally important when direct than indirect |
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Term
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Definition
| is the process that occurs when people perceive that they have incompatible goals or that someone is interfering in their ability to achieve their objectives |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to influence or control other people and events; (hunger games) |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to influence relationship partners |
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Term
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Definition
| a resource that other people value; types: resource, expertise, social network, personal, intimacy |
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Term
| Resource currency (reward) |
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Definition
| includes material things such as money, property, and food; do something for me i'll give this reward |
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Term
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Definition
comprises special skills or knowledge;
knowledge is power; legitimate power: status, institutional |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who is linked with a network of friends, family, and acquaintances with substantial influence; who do you know; make connections |
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Term
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Definition
| personal characteristics--beauty, intelligence, charisma, communication skill, sense of humor--that people consider desirable; personal characteristics; referent power: not as much in interpersonal; people have power over you because they like or admire you |
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Term
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Definition
| when you share a close bond with someone that no one else shares; call in need |
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Term
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Definition
| cultures also differ widely in the degree to which people view the unequal distribution of power as acceptable |
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Term
| Dependence Power (relational power) |
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Definition
the control that person who is less dependent on the relationships has in the eyes of power who is more dependent
-more dependences = less power
-appears the partner may be willing and able to leave the relationship |
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Term
| Punitive Power (relational power) |
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Definition
is the influence gained by a person because they are perceived as likely to inflict punishment (harm( or withhold reward
-taking punitive action in the form of aggressive behavior can lead to chilling effect
◾ignore, wash mouth out with soap |
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Term
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Definition
people AVOID discussing certain topics out of fear of the other relation partner
◦wants to avoid negative personal and relational consequences
◦results in a climate of fear, anxiety, suppression
◦will discount the severity of the issue so that they do not feel the need to engage in conflict or discuss the topic |
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Term
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Definition
| when a conflict shifts topic , it can devolve into kitchen sinking (from expression, "throwing everything at them but the kitchen sink"), in which combatants hurl insults and accusations at each other that have little to do with the original disagreement |
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Term
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Definition
| people with only moderate power are most likely to use controlling communication; |
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Term
| Symmetrical Relationships |
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Definition
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Term
| Complementary Relationships |
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Definition
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Term
| Conflict Management Styles |
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Definition
| avoidance, competition, accommodation, collaboration, compromising |
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Term
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Definition
•lack of concern for self and partner's goals
•minimize or evode conflict interaction
◦denial of conflict/problem, changing the subject
•may include skirting or sniping
•can lead to cumulative annoyance
•lead to withdrawing from a conversation and/or changing topic
◦can lead to poor mental health
•don't go to any restaurant |
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Term
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Definition
| in which a person avoids a conflict by changing the topic or joking about it |
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Term
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Definition
| communicating in a negative fashion then abandoning the encounter by physically leaving the scene or refusing to interact further |
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Term
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Definition
individual has more concern for partner’s goals than his/her own goals
•person submits to the wants of the other person, partner achieves goals
•what are benefits/ drawbacks of accommodating in conflict
◦drawback: you don't get what you want
•go to the restaurant they want to go to |
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Term
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Definition
•individual has a high concern for achieving his/her own goals
◦little to no concern with partner’s goals
◦may result in a person being overly critical, defensive, or aggressive
•can lead to symmetrical escalation (when someone uses more assertive behavior, the other person outdoes it, and then that someone gets more assertive: you match -> than escalades)
•can lead to sudden death statements
•go to the restaurant you want to go to |
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Term
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Definition
| occur when people get so angry that they suddenly declare the end of the relationship, even though breaking up wasn't a possibility before the conflict |
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Term
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Definition
individual has high concern for achieving partner’s goals and his/her own goals; 4 steps: attack problems not people, focus on common interest and long-term goals, create options before arriving at decisions, critically evaluate your solution
◾achieving both partner’s goals entirely
◦go to both restaurants (one for dinner the other for dessert) |
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Term
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Definition
individual has a moderate concern for achieving partner’s goals and his/her own goals
◾more about moderate goal achievement
◾you have to give up something
◦go somewhere else for dinner entirely |
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Term
Constructive Conflict Communication
(under collaboration and compromising) |
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Definition
individuals use cooperative or supportive behaviors
◾includes soliciting disclosure, offering information, listening and problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| not pursuing any conflict-related goals at all; instead, they communicate in an emotionally explosive and negative fashion; verbally accusations; mistrust; not considered a conflict management style |
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Term
| 4 Communication Pattern Types |
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Definition
--symmetrical escalation
--symmetrical withdrawal
--demand-withdraw behaviors
--symmetrical negotiation |
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Term
| Symmetrical Escalation (competition) |
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Definition
| partners increase the intensity of the conflict mirroring negative behavior |
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Term
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Definition
in which partners in a relationship demand that their own goals be met, they both withdraw from the encounter
◦Partner 1: avoids engaging, withdraws
◦Partner 2: mirrors behavior and also withdraws |
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Term
| Demand Withdrawal (serial arguments) |
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Definition
in which one partner in a relationship demands that his or her own goals be met, and the other partner responds by withdrawing from the encounter; repeated irritation;
◦one partner pursues discussing the conflict
◦one partner withdraws: (more power)
prompting the other partner to pursue |
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Term
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Definition
◦each partner mirrors the other's positive negotiation behavior
◦listen to the other and reflect back what they have heard |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of resolved disputes, all having to do with the same issue; deep disagreements; clash in values/beliefs |
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Term
| Cumulative Annoyance (avoidance) |
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Definition
| in which repressed irritation grows as the mental list of grievances we have against our partner builds; eventually it overloads our capacity and we explode in anger |
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Term
| Interdependence (conflict) |
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Definition
| communicators are interconnected and rely on and need each other |
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Term
| Incompatible goals (conflict) |
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Definition
| communicators view others as keeping them from reaching their goals |
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Term
| 4 Characteristics of Power |
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Definition
1) always present: symmetrical relationships; complementary relationships
2) used either ethically or unethically
3) granted by individuals or groups
4) influences conlict |
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Term
Reciprocity
Adaptability Skills |
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Definition
| common tendency to mirror a person’s behavior |
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Term
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Definition
•responding in the opposite manner of a partner
◦confrontation from one partner, accommodation from the other |
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Term
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Definition
•conversation management
◦smooth flow of discussion, turn-taking
•composure
◦displaying relaxation and confidence
•order orientation
◦giving attention, empathy, good listening skills
•expressing ____
◦using gestures, affection |
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Term
| Stress and Health on Conflict (just be families with notes from lecture) |
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Definition
•lack of sleep results in more negative emotion and less positive emotion
•less likely, to recognize partners emotions
•one night of sleep impairs problem solving
•poor sleep predicted conflict the following day |
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Term
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Definition
Crafting conversations
1) interactive
2) local management
3) universal
4) scripts |
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Term
| Communicator Reward Value (needs to be edited)* |
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Definition
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