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| Dynamic mental processes, ability to adapt/learn on the fly, rather than set base of known info. Decreases with age |
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| Crystallized intelligence |
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| An individuals base of knowledge they can call on. Increases with age |
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| The faster you can process info, the less likely you are to lose info. further, speed with which you carry out operations determines much of cognitive ability. |
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| Important for things like problem solving and reasoning (fluid intelligence) |
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| Concepts which allow us to categorize info and make inferences |
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| Cognitive shortcuts that help us make decisions. |
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| Basing a decision on similarity between event and prototype of that event. Used to judge membership in a class and is a form of stereotyping. |
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| occurs when people decide that two events are more likely to occur together than just one of the two events is. Impossible to have this happen, thus the fallacy. |
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| Belief that a streak of events is likely to end, i.e. a return to normal or law of averages. Reality is that every individual incident is randomized. |
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| People are biased by info that is easy to recall, meaning that if people are more likely to judge something as possible if it is vivid in their memories. |
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| If one sets a high anchor value for a car, say 70,000$, adjustment through negotiation is unlikely to bring value paid for car back to fair rate, say 13,000$ |
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| Reasoning that is powerfully affected by whether we frame a decision in terms of losses or in terms of winning. |
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| Mental representation of a class of things |
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| Set of things included in a class |
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| a property that can be true or false of a thing. |
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| features are represented at their highest level of generality in order to avoid redundancy. |
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| States that concepts inherit properties from concepts that are higher on the cognitive tree than they are that they are associated with. As a result, retrieving info from this tree takes time |
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| Once concept is activated, that activation spreads throughout neural network along connecting pathways. |
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| Necessary and sufficient models of a concept such as animals need to be alive |
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| features not necessary for definition but usually present. For example, mammals most often have external penises. |
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| Abstract average example of a particular category |
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| Exemplar is compared to prototype and if they are sufficiently similar, exemplar is considered part of category. |
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| Mental representation of a concept consists of a collection of exemplars, rather than prorotype. So comparing new creature to group of dogs previously seen, rather than abstract represenation of dogs. |
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| Organized clusters of knowledge about events or objects based on experience. For example, how to act in a nice restaurant |
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| System of sounds or symbols and meanings that allow for communication among humans. |
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| Smallest speech units. 100 possible total, 40 in english. So like the alphabet basically, with other things like sh, qu etc. |
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| smallest units of meaning, 50,000 in English, root words, prefixes, suffixes |
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| Meaning of words and word combinations |
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| System of rules for arranging words into sentences. different rules for different languages. |
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| Controls motor processes associated with speech |
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| temporal area important for producing semantically correct speech. |
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| Process of representing the meaning of words |
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| We need to understand relationship between words to get a complete picture of comprehension. |
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| Speech errors reflect thoughts not intended but expressed |
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| occurs when there is an obstacle between a present state and a goal state, and where it is not immediately obvious how to get around the obstacle. For example, how to become a billionaire. |
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| Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal. I.E, make it to Harvard, get a 4.0, become a high profile tech entrepeneur. |
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| Understand problem-- generate one or more hypothesis -- Test the hypothesis -- Check the results |
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Problems of inducing structure
Problems of arrangement
Problems of transformation |
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| Problem of inducing structure |
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Definition
reuqire people to discover relations among numbers words ideas etc
What number or letter completes this series, ABMCDM |
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| Require people to arrange the parts of a problem in a way that satisfies some criterion. These problems are usually solved via insight. |
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| Sudden discovery of an answer |
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| Problems of transformation |
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| Require people to carry out a sentence of transofmations in order to reach goal. |
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| tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use. |
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| exists when people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in past. |
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| effective problem solving requires specifying all the contraints governing a problem without assuming any contraints that dont exist. |
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| solving logical or mathematical problems that have a right answer |
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| predicting the future from past data |
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| Set of formal statements used in deductive reasoning |
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| tendency to look for evidence that confirms our previously held beliefs. |
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| Having identified a possible cause, stop looking for alternatives |
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