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| what is the function of skin? |
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1. protection
2. provides sensory information
3. regulating temp.
4. synthesizes vitamin D
5. resevoir for food & water |
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| What are the 2 layer of skin? |
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1. epidermis
2. dermis
3. subcutaneous tissue |
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| Facts about the stratum corneum |
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1. avascular, flat cells
2. Cells become keratinzied (hard protein).
3. First (top) layer of the epidermis |
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1. only layer that is composed of live cells and is where new cells are formed.
2. deepest layer of the epidermis. Sits between statum corenum and dermis. |
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| found in basal layer, they produce a black pigment called melanin that protects from UV rays. Skin color results from the production level of melanocytes. |
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| directly beneath epidermis, composed of living tissue, capillaries, lymphatic vessels and nerves. Also contain sebaceous and sudoriferous glands. |
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| subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) |
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| binds dermis to underlying structures, composed of loose connective tissue, adipose and blood vessels. Hypodermis stores fat and regualtes body temp. |
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| Accessory organs of the integument |
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| exocrine gland that produces sweat through pores. Function is to cool the body, release waste products and moisten surface cells. |
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| filled with cells that contain fatty droplets. When cells disintegrate, they release this sebum. Acidic nature helps destroy pathogens. When ductules are blocked, acne results. |
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| the visible part of the hair. |
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| embedded into the dermis, the root and its coverings form the hair follicle. |
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| located at the bottom of the hair follicle, the papilla is a loop of capillaries surrounded by live hair epithelial cells. The regeneration of hair depends on the health of the papilla. |
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| where a nail is formed; it is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells. |
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| layer of epithelium on which the nail body rests. |
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| visible part of the nail; it appears pink b/c of the underlying vascular tissue. |
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| the half moon shape at the base of the nail; this is where new nail growth occurs. |
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| areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by disease or injury, wound or infection. May be localized or systemic. |
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| an initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated. |
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| changes that take place in the primary lesion due to infection, scratching, trauma. |
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| primary lesion, flat, pigmented, circular lesion less than 1 cm. (ex: flat mole, rash). |
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| solid, elevated lesion less than 1 cm. that may be same color as skin or pigmented (wart, pimple, ringworm) |
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| palpable, circular lesion larger and deeper than a papule; extends to dermis (ex: benign or malignant tumor) |
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| solid, elevated lesion larger than 2 cm that extends into dermal and subcutaneous layers. |
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| elevated, firm, rounded lesion with localized skin edema. Paler in the center than surrounding areas; itching. (hives, insect bites) |
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| elevated, circular fluid-filled lesion less than .05 in diameter. (poison ivy, shingles) |
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| small, raised, circular lesion that contains pus. (acne, scabies) |
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| a vesicle or blister larger than 1cm in diameter. (2nd degree burns, severe poison oak) |
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| secondary lesion; linear scratch mark or traumatized abrasions of the epidermis. (scratches) |
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| secondary lesion; small split or crack that extends into the dermal area. |
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| open sore or lesion that extends to the dermis, usually heals without scarring. (pressure ulcer) |
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| first degree burns (superficial) |
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| injure only the top layer of epidermis (thermal burn, sunburn) |
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| 2nd degree burns (partial-thickness) |
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| deep burns that damage the epidermis and the dermis. Vesicles and bullae may form. |
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| 3rd degree (full thickness) |
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| epidermis and dermis are destroyed as well as some connective tissue. |
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| abnormal growths of new tissue that are classified as either benign or malignant. |
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| non-cancerous growths that contain the same type of tissue cells. |
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| composed of invasive cells that spread to remote areas of the body. Cells show altered function. |
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| BCC (basal cell carcinoma) |
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| most common type of cancer, begins in the basal layer of epidermis, or hair follicles. metastases is uncommon, although the disease can destroy vital tissue. |
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| arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening of epidermal cells. Can be either in situ or invasive. |
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| neoplasm that commonly begins in a darkly pigmented mole. Most lethal form of cancer. dx by a bx. |
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| localized collection of pus at an infection site. |
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| imflammation of the sebaceous glands |
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| partial or complete loss of hair. |
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| intraepidermal carcinoma characterized by red-brown crusty lesion. "pre-cancerous" |
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| diffuse infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue |
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| pigmentary skin discoloring usually in yellow/brown patches. |
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| small skin lesion of acne, caused by sebum plugging a duct. (whitehead) |
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| infection of the skin caused by fungi |
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| large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area...bruise. |
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| chronic skin inflammation with pauples, vesicles, erythema and possible itching. |
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| damaged tissue following a severe burn |
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| bacterial infection caused by isolated pustules that rupture. |
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| thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth (wart) |
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| small brown macules brought on by sun exposure. |
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| red patches covered, with thick, silvery, adherent scales b/c of excessive development of the basal layer |
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| several bleeding disorders characterized by bleeding into the tissues. |
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| transmitted by the itch mite |
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| allergic reaction characterized by wheels or hives. |
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| epidermal growth caused by a virus (warts). |
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| removal of necrotic tissue by surgery or chemical agents. |
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| tissue destruction via high-frequency electric current. |
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| from one person to another person (homograft) |
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| collagen fibers arranged in a lattice-pattern. |
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| graft from a foreign donor (usually a pig) |
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| pigment in bile, orange or yellow in color. |
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| glands that secrete into a duct. |
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| circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passageway. |
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| abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
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| audible gurgling noise caused by the movement of gas through the liquid contents of the intestines |
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| scarring and dysfunction of the liver |
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| spasm in any hollow or soft organ, esp. the colon. |
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| chronic inflammation of any portion of the intestinal tract, usually the ileum. |
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| inflammation of the intestines that is caused by ingesting water of food with bateria or parasites. |
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| backflow of gastric contents due to malfunction of the sphincter muscle. |
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| failure of the intestinal villi to absorb nutrients into blood or lymph |
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| passage of dark, tarry stools b/c of blood |
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| formation of white patches on mucus membrane of tongue, lips or cheek. |
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| stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter that causes an obstruction. |
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| passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to absorb it. |
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upper: endoscopy visual of esophagus, stomach and duodenum.
Lower: endoscope visual of colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal. |
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| applyinng guaiac to detect presence of occult blood, also called a hemoccult. |
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| radiographic visual of rectum and colon following an enema of barium sulfate, also called lower GI series. |
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| oral admin of barium sulfate used to see a radiographic visual of esophagus, stomach and small intestine. |
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| x-ray of gall bladder after admin of contrast medium (usually iodine) in tablet form |
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| rotating an x-ray emitter around area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles. |
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| ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) |
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| endoscopy that provides visual of bile and pancreatic ducts to id obstructions, stones, and tumors. |
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| percutaneous transhepatic choleangiography (PTCP) |
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| x-ray of bile duct and structures |
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| x-ray of salivary glands and ducts |
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| surgical joining of 2 ducts |
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serous membrane
mucus membrane |
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1. thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, secrete serosa that keep membrane moist.
2. moist tissue layer lining organs and cavities opening to enviorment. |
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| bronchus, plural: bronchi |
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| phospholipid that helps keep alveoli open |
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| membrane with a ground-glass appearance. HMD: pre-term infants where alveoli collapse |
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| A condition in which lung tissue becomes firm and solid rather than elastic and air-filled because it has accumulated fluids and tissue debris. |
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| excessive acidity in ph levels |
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| insufficient intake of o2 |
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| collapsed or airless state of the lung |
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| cheyne-stokes respiration |
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| breathing pattern: deeply, shallow, then not at all. |
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| ease with which lung can be stretched |
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| also called a rale, sound heard on ausultaction |
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| childhood condition involving inflammation of of URT |
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| life-threatening infection of children 2-12 |
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| enlargement of the terminal phalanges |
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| deficiency of o2 in blood |
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| deficiency of o2 in tissues |
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| inflammation of pleural membrane |
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| disease caused by inhaling dust particles |
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