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Protects the body from injury
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Protects the body from intrusion of microorganisms
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Helps to regulate body temperature
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Houses receptors for the sense of touch, including pain and sensation
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| four functions of the integumentary system: |
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| make the skin tough and elastic. |
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| loose connective tissue and adipose (fatty) tissue. |
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| cells covering external and internal surfaces of the body |
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| thin outer layer of the skin |
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squamous cell layer
skwā′m[image]s sel lā′[image]r flat, |
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| scale-like epithelial cells comprising the outermost epidermis |
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basal layer
bā′săl lā′[image]r |
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| deepest layer of epidermis |
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melanocyte
mel′ă-nō-s[image]t |
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| cell in the basal layer that gives color to the skin |
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| dark brown to black pigment contained in melanocytes |
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| dense, fibrous connective tissue layer of the skin, also known as corium |
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sebaceous glands
sē-bā′sh[image]s glanz |
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| oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands |
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| sudoriferous glands s[image]-dō-rif′[image]r-[image]s glanz |
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subcutaneous layer
s[image]b-kyū-tā′nē-[image]s lā′er |
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| connective and adipose tissue layer just under the dermis |
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collagen
kol′ă-jen producing) |
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| protein substance in skin and connective tissue |
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| outgrowth of the skin composed of keratin |
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| outgrowth of the skin, composed of keratin, at the end of each finger and toe |
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keratin
ker′ă-tin hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails |
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| hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails |
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| an area of pathologically altered tissue; |
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primary lesions
pr[image]′mār-ē lē′zh[image]nz l |
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| esions arising from previously normal skin |
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| a flat, discolored spot on the skin up to 1 cm across (e.g., a freckle) |
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| a flat, discolored area on the skin larger than 1 cm (e.g., vitiligo) |
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| a solid mass on the skin up to 0.5 cm in diameter (e.g., a nevus [mole]) |
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| a solid mass greater than 1 cm in diameter and limited to the surface of the skin |
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| a solid mass greater than 1 cm that extends deeper into the epidermis |
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| a solid mass larger than 1–2 cm |
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| n area of localized skin edema (swelling) (e.g., a hive) |
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| little bladder; an elevated, fluid-filled sac (blister) within or under the epidermis up to 0.5 cm in diameter (e.g., a fever blister) |
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a blister larger than 0.5 cm (e.g., a second-degree burn) (bulla = bubble) |
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| a pus-filled sac (e.g., a pimple) |
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| lesions that result in changes in primary lesions |
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| gnawed away; loss of superficial epidermis, leaving an area of moisture but no bleeding (e.g., area of moisture after rupture of a vesicle) |
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| an open sore on the skin or mucous membrane that can bleed and scar; sometimes accompanied by infection |
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| a linear crack in the skin |
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| a thin flake of exfoliated epidermis (e.g., dandruff) |
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| a dried residue of serum (body liquid), pus, or blood on the skin (e.g., as seen in impetigo) |
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| lesions of a blood vessel |
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| a small, round, bright red blood vessel tumor on the skin, often on the trunk of the elderly |
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| a tiny, red blood vessel lesion formed by the dilation of a group of blood vessels radiating from a central arteriole, most commonly on the face, neck, or chest |
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| purpura; lesions resulting from hemorrhages into the skin |
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| spot; reddish-brown, minute hemorrhagic spots on the skin that indicate a bleeding tendency; a small purpura |
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| bruise; a black and blue mark; a large purpura |
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| a mark left by the healing of a sore or wound, showing the replacement of destroyed tissue by fibrous tissue |
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| an abnormal overgrowth of scar tissue that is thick and irregular |
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| skin tumors arising from the epidermis |
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| a congenital malformation on the skin that can be epidermal or vascular; also called a mole |
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| a mole with precancerous changes |
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| an epidermal tumor caused by a papilloma virus, also called a wart |
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| baldness; natural or unnatural deficiency of hair |
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| comedo (pl.comedos, comedones |
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| a plug of sebum (oil) within the opening of a hair follicle |
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| a comedo below the skin surface, with a white center (whitehead |
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| a comedo open to the skin surface, with a black center caused by the presence of melanin exposed to air (blackhead) |
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| appearance of a skin lesion |
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| a general term for skin eruption, most often associated with communicable disease |
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| skin color resulting from the presence of melanin |
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| loss of melanin pigment in the skin |
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| areas of skin lacking color because of deficient amounts of melanin |
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| darkened areas of skin caused by excessive amounts of melanin |
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| production of purulent matter (pus) |
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| hives; an eruption of wheals on the skin accompanied by itching (urtica = stinging nettle) |
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| a hereditary condition characterized by a partial or total lack of melanin pigment (particularly in the eyes, skin, and hair) |
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| injury to body tissue caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation, or gases |
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| a burn involving only the epidermis; characterized by erythema (redness) and hyperesthesia (excessive sensation) |
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| a burn involving the epidermis and the dermis; characterized by erythema, hyperesthesia, and vesications (blisters) |
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| a burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue |
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| inflammation of the skin characterized by erythema, pruritus(itching), and various lesions |
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| exanthematous viral disease |
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| an eruption of the skin caused by a viral disease |
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| to boil out; often used interchangeably with dermatitis to denote a skin condition characterized by the appearance of inflamed, swollen papules and vesicles that crust and scale, often with sensations of itching and burning |
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| boil; a painful nodule formed in the skin by inflammation originating in a hair follicle; caused by staphylococcosis |
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| a skin infection consisting of clusters of furuncles |
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| a localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the inflammation of surrounding tissues, which heals when drained or excised |
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| an eating sore; death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply |
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herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
h[image]r′pēz sim′pleks v[image]′r[image]s |
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| transient viral vesicles (e.g., cold sores or fever blisters) that infect the facial area, especially the mouth and nose |
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herpes simplex virus type 2
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| sexually transmitted, ulcer-like lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa; after initial infection, the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root and may recur at times of stress |
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herpes zoster
h[image]r′pēz zos′t[image]r |
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| a viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following affected nerves, usually unilateral; also known as shingles |
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impetigo
im-pe-t[image]′gō |
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| a highly contagious, bacterial skin inflammation marked by pustules that rupture and become crusted, most often around the mouth and nostrils |
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| thickened areas of epidermis |
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| actinic (or solar) keratoses |
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Definition
| localized thickening of the skin caused by excessive exposure to sunlight, a known precursor to cancer |
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seborrheic keratoses
seb-ō-rē′ik ker-ă-tō′sēz |
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| benign, wart-like tumors; more common on elderly skin |
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| a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of various parts of the body |
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cutaneous lupus
kyū-tā′nē-[image]s lū′p[image]s |
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| limited to the skin; evidenced by a characteristic rash, especially on the face, neck, and scalp |
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systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
sis-tem′[image]k lū′p[image]s [image]r-i-thē′mă-tō′s[image]s |
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| a more severe form of lupus involving the skin, joints, and often vital organs (e.g., lungs or kidneys) |
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malignant cutaneous neoplasm
m[image]-lig′nănt kyū-tā′nē-[image]s nē′ō-plazm |
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squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
skwā′m[image]s sel kar-si-nō′mă |
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| malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium |
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basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
bā′săl sel kar-si-nō′mă m |
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| alignant tumor of the basal layer of the epidermis; the most common type of skin cancer |
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malignant melanoma
mă-lig′nănt mel′ă-nō′mă |
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| malignant tumor composed of melanocytes |
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Kaposi sarcoma
kă-pō′sē sar-cō′mă
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| malignant tumor of the walls of blood vessels, appearing as painless, dark bluish-purple plaques on the skin; often spreads to the lymph nodes and internal organs; commonly seen in patients with HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) |
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| inflammation of the fingernail or toenail |
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paronychia
par-ō-nik′ē-ă i |
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| nflammation of the nail fold |
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| infestation with lice that causes itching and dermatitis |
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| lice that generally infect the pubic region and sometimes also hair of the axilla, eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, or other hairy body surfaces; also called crabs |
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| itching; a chronic, recurrent skin disease marked by silvery scales covering red patches, papules, and/or plaques on the skin that result from overproduction and thickening of skin cells; common sites of involvement are the elbows, knees, genitals, arms, legs, scalp, and nails |
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| a contagious disease caused by a parasite (mite) that invades the skin, causing an intense itch, most often at articulations between the fingers or toes, elbow |
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| a skin condition marked by the hypersecretion of sebum from the sebaceous glands |
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| a group of fungal skin diseases identified by the body part affected, including tinea corporis (body), commonly called ringworm, and tinea pedis (foot), also called athlete's foot |
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| a condition caused by the destruction of melanin that results in the appearance of white patches on the skin (commonly the face, hands, legs, and genital areas) |
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| removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic pathologic examination |
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| removal of an entire lesion |
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| removal of a selected portion of a lesion |
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| a technique using a surgical blade to “shave” tissue from the epidermis and upper dermis |
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| culture and sensitivity (C&S) |
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| a technique of isolating and growing colonies of microorganisms to identify a pathogen and to determine which drugs might be effective for combating the infection it has caused |
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| a surgical technique that involves cutting a thin piece of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathologic examination |
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| methods for determining the reaction of the body to a given substance by applying it to, or injecting it into, the skin; commonly used in treating allergies |
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| a test in which a substance is applied to the skin through a scratch |
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| a test in which a substance is applied topically to the skin on a small piece of blotting paper or wet cloth |
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| removal of tissue after it has been destroyed by chemical means |
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| a technique for restoring wrinkled, scarred, or blemished skin by applying an acid solution to “peel” away the top layers of the skin |
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| destruction of tissue by freezing with application of an extremely cold chemical |
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| surgical removal of epidermis frozen by aerosol spray using wire brushes and emery papers to remove scars, tattoos, and/or wrinkles |
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| removal of dead tissue from a wound or burn site to promote healing and to prevent infection |
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curettage
kyū-r[image]-tahzh′ |
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cleaning; scraping a wound using a spoon-like cutting instrument called a curette; used for debridement
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| electrosurgical procedures |
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| use of electric current to destroy tissue; the type and strength of the current and method of application vary |
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| use of an instrument heated by electric current (cautery) to coagulate bleeding areas by burning the tissue (e.g., to sear a blood vessel) |
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| use of high-frequency electric currents to destroy tissue by drying it; the active electrode makes direct contact with the skin lesion |
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| to lighten; use of long, high-frequency, electric sparks to destroy tissue; the active electrode does not touch the skin |
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| incision and drainage (I&D) |
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| incision and drainage of an infected skin lesion |
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| an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; an instrument that concentrates high frequencies of light into a small, extremely intense beam that is precise in depth and diameter; applied to body tissues to destroy lesions or for dissection |
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| surgery using a laser in various dermatologic procedures to remove lesions, scars, tattoos, |
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| a technique used to excise tumors of the skin by removing fresh tissue, layer by layer, until a tumor-free plane is reached |
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| transfer of skin from one body site to another to replace skin that has been lost through a burn or injury |
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| graft transfer to a new position in the body of the same person |
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| graft transfer between different species, such as from animal to human |
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| donor transfer between persons of the same species, such as human to human |
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| treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce |
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| treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to deter the proliferation of malignant cells |
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| use of sclerosing agents in treating diseases (e.g., injection of a saline solution into a dilated blood vessel tumor in the skin, resulting in hardening of the tissue within and eventual sloughing away of the lesion) |
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| use of ultraviolet light to promote healing of a skin lesion |
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| a drug that temporarily blocks transmission of nerve conduction to produce a loss of sensations |
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antipruritic
an′tē-prū-rit′ik |
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| a drug that relieves itching |
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| an agent that inhibits the growth of infectious microorganisms |
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