Term
| Why is understanding culture important? |
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Definition
-Managing in cross-cultural scenarios
-Make sense of the world/world is diverse
-People are different
-Prevent mistakes |
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Term
| Responses to different cultures include: |
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Definition
-Hostility
-Curiosity
-Denying difference
-Cooperation |
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Term
| Describe "Assumption of Superiority" |
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Definition
| -My culture is best; others that are different are backward, primitive |
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Term
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Definition
-My culture is the norm
-Cultures distant to own culture = not normal
-Self-reference criterion: mental comparison people make to evaluate things with their own background (benchmark) |
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Term
| Define "Assumption of Universality" |
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Definition
| -Cultures are mental operating environments: external similarity does not mean everyone is the same |
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Term
Who's Quote:
"Culture is those deep, common, unstated experiences which members of a culture share, which they communicate without knowing, and which forms the backdrop against which all events are judged." |
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Definition
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Term
Who's Quote:
"Culture is the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns, expressed in symbols and activities that, ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behaviour." |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain Coherent in the context of Culture & Communication |
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Definition
-Fits well together: strands in a tapestry
-Complete: entire view of the universe
-It makes sense to those within it: members looking in do not see anything lacking
-Thus, it leads to ethnocentrism. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| View of a group of people |
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Definition
-Shared view, agreement about why things are the way they are…
-Shared language
-Shared Symbols: visuals: logos; non-visuals: practices |
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Term
| Ranks cultural priorities |
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Definition
| -Developing values: standards of what is important, worth of something |
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Term
| Culture furnishes Attitudes |
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Definition
-Learned responses to phenomenon
-Attitudes are based on beliefs and belief systems (eg. Religion)
-Attitudes vary as per value of a thing, event: Case of attitude towards demise in family |
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Term
| Culture dictates behavior |
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Definition
| Behavior refers to actions: based on attitudes, values |
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Term
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Definition
-Displayed behaviour
-Actions: shaking hands, bows
-Most descriptions of culture: onstage elements |
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Term
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Definition
-Not-visible
-Values
-Underlies onstage elements
-The ‘why’ of culture
-Way decisions are made, rank events etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Exists when interactants respond to cultural clues and modify their own behaviour, creating – or co-creating – a new, temporary culture |
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Term
| Is context of interaction more important for moulding actions than interactants’ cultural backgrounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do "Transactional Cultures" exist? |
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Definition
| -When interactants are sensitive to another culture |
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Term
| Amount of adjustment to a culture depends on: |
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Definition
-Knowledge of culture
-Willingness to experiment
-Previous experience |
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Term
| Adopting another culture’s behaviour |
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Definition
-Members adapt permanently to another culture
-Function as members of the culture
-May retain old culture (in presence of said culture members) |
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Term
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Definition
| -The sense of dislocation and the problems – psychological and even physical – that result from the stress of trying to make the hundreds of adjustments necessary for living in a foreign culture |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of Culture Shock? |
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Definition
-Euphoria
-Disillusionment and Frustration
-Adjustment
-Integration |
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Term
| Explain "Reverse Culture Shock" |
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Definition
-Returning home; “outsider” within home
-More aware of the faults (comparison to new culture)
-Lack of interest from others
-Adjusting to changes that occurred while away
-Feeling undervalued by the organization |
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Term
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Definition
-Understanding yourself/own culture is the best foundation to understanding others & communicating with them
-Knowing what is normal in your culture helps you realize where others’ ideas are different and not inferior |
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Term
| Explain "Projected Cognitive Similarity" |
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Definition
| -Assuming knowledge of ‘someone else’s perceptions, judgements, attitudes and values because you assume they are like your own’ |
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Term
| Understanding cultures (mental categories) |
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Definition
-Use of ‘mental categories’ that hold information; items grouped together’
-Mental categories change with new information
-Aware of your own mental categories-> interaction with another culture-> transformation of your mental categories |
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Term
| Self Knowledge – Prejudice |
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Definition
| -Generalizations that are based on limited knowledge, and that express an evaluation – usually negative |
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Term
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Definition
-Mental shortcut or attitude towards a given thing which can be negative or positive
-Recalled from long term memory when externally challenged |
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Term
| Self Knowledge – Discrimination |
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Definition
| -The act of sifting out and selecting according to bias toward something or someone, and treating them differently |
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Term
| Cultural Intelligence (CQ) |
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Definition
-Capability of an individual to learn, understand (and adapt) to another culture and then act accordingly
-Includes 3 necessary components: Cognition, Motivation, and Behavior |
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Term
| Is there a movement towards a dominant global culture? |
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Definition
| -No in fact, ethnic cultures share movements to defend their cultures. |
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Term
| Technology and how it effects onstage elements vs. backstage elements |
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Definition
| -Onstage elements may be affected, but backstage elements do not shift |
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Term
| Cross Cultural Communication Discipline: 3 features: |
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Definition
-Started 1959 – American dominated – Ethnocentric approach
-Based on observable onstage elements; without much focus on values
-Multidisciplinary field : psychology, anthropology, sociology, linguistics etc. |
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Term
| Communication among Individual vs. group studies |
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Definition
-Group studies (entire culture): large surveys: lead to generalizations about population but may not describe every person= errors
-Studying an individual: rich, complex data: cannot be generalized across the cultural group |
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Term
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Definition
| -Communication within one culture compared to communication within another culture; involves a comparison of cultural communication style based on values and practices |
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Term
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Definition
| -involves the analysis of what occurs at the point of actual communication when people from two or more cultures interact; requires an understanding of both cultures |
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Term
| Positivist/functionalist paradigm benefits |
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Definition
-Data can be generalized
-Statistical analysis can be done – numbers (e.g. Likert scale)
-High reliability – easily replicated |
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Term
| Positivist/functionalist paradigm weaknesses |
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Definition
-Variables are difficult to separate
-Low in validity (are we studying what we intended to study?)
-Context or answers about ‘why’ are often missing |
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Term
| Positivist / functionalist – ‘science’ study produces: |
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Definition
| -Identification of cultural variables in behaviour; conclusions are generalizable to others cultures |
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Term
| Interpretivist or ‘social’ study produces: |
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Definition
| -Describe phenomenon of culture and communication in a social context and the reasons behind these, Cannot be generalized to other groups |
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Term
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Definition
-Rich detail in the data
-Validity is high
-Context is important |
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Term
| Interpretivist weaknesses |
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Definition
-Subjective: researcher is affecting what is being studied
-Low reliability – difficult to replicate exactly
-Generalization or predictions cannot be done |
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Term
| What is a "Rhetorical Approach"? |
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Definition
| -A kind of interepretivist research that seeks to interpret meanings of what people have said or written down, in the original context |
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Term
| The combined approach of Positivist AND Interpretivist is the best of both worlds as a combined study will: |
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Definition
-Allow for the study of motivations
-Allow for more than one interpretation
-Allow for quantitative analysis and data interpretation |
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Term
| Intercultural Business Communication |
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Definition
-Communication by members of different cultures for business or workplace purposes
-Culture affects these communications |
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Term
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Definition
-The process of perception of verbal and nonverbal behaviours and assignment of meaning to them.
-Communication occurs even when verbal/non-verbal behavior is intentional or unintentional |
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Term
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Definition
-A process that helps to decode verbal and non-verbal messages
-Challenges are greater between different cultures |
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Term
| 4 possible scenarios of perception: |
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Definition
1. Means nothing – fits into no known category
2. Fits into a category of “similar” items or matches a category and meaning is assigned
3. Does not fit into a category; rejected or held until a you relate to something familiar
4. Does not fit into a category so a category is altered in order to fit the new experience, a new meaning is assigned |
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Term
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Definition
| -A schema is a kind of mental template or framework, which we use to make sense of things |
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Term
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Definition
-People hold data about other cultures in mental categories or schema
-Message about a given culture is filtered through these schema
-Greater knowledge of the culture, more you revise your schema to represent reality of a given culture |
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