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INSY 3800
Auburn University-Chapter 3
50
Engineering
Undergraduate 3
08/23/2010

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Term
allotropic
Definition
element existing in 2 or more forms
Term
alloy
Definition
materials comprised of two or more different elements…they exhibit their own characteristic properties
Term
amorphous structure
Definition
(ex. Glass) atoms have a certain degree of local order
Term
anisotropic
Definition
properties that vary with direction
Term
ASTM Grain Size number
Definition
specification through the ASTM defined as N=2^(n-1), Low value=few massive grains, high value=many small grains
Term
atomic number
Definition
The number of electrons surrpunding the nucleus of a neutral atom.
Term
atomic radius
Definition
elements measure of the size of its atoms, usually the distance from its neucleus to an outer boundary
Term
body-centered cubic
Definition
Have an atom in the center of the cube. contains no close packed planes, slip occurs on most favorable planes in the direction of of closest packing (cube diagonals), BCC have high strength and moderate ductility
Term
brittle fracture
Definition
fractures that occur before the onset of plastic deformation
Term
close-packed planes
Definition
shows directions of closest packed atoms
Term
cold work
Definition
when metals are plastically deformed at temperatures below their recrystallization temperatures
Term
covalent bond
Definition
When atoms in the assembly find it impossible to produce completed shells by electron transfer but achieve the same goal through electron sharing.
Term
cross slip
Definition
over-deforming a metal so much that deformation occurs on alternative systems that now offer less resistance
Term
crystal structure
Definition
when atoms arrange themselves in a geometric lattice (p56)
Term
dislocation
Definition
progressive slippage of a localized disruption, results in deformation
Term
doping
Definition
improving the electrical conductivity of intrinsic semiconductors
Term
ductile fracture
Definition
when plastic deformation precedes the break
Term
electrical conductivity
Definition
net movement of charge through the material (due to the movement of free electrons), the best have large grain size (p64)
Term
extrinsic semiconductor
Definition
semiconductor that has been doped
Term
face-centered cubic
Definition
expanded cube with an atom inserted in the center of each of the 6 planes of the cube, four close packed planes, FCC are relatively weak, excellent ductility
Term
grain
Definition
small continuous volumes of solid, aka crystals
Term
grain boundary
Definition
surfaces that divide the grains
Term
grain growth
Definition
increase in grain growth at high temperatures
Term
grain size
Definition
diameter of a grain
Term
hexagonal close-packed
Definition
where individual planes can be clearly ID'd, metals with this structure have poor ductility and are very brittle
Term
hot work
Definition
if the temperature of deformation is sufficiently above the recrystallization temperature, hot work is achieved
Term
interstitial
Definition
extra atoms
Term
intrinsic semiconductor
Definition
when a moderate amount of thermal energy allows the material to conduct small amounts of electricity
Term
ion
Definition
positively or negatively charged ion
Term
ionic bond
Definition
chemical bond where an atom loses or gains an electron to produce an ion
Term
isotropic
Definition
properties that are uniform in all directions
Term
lattice
Definition
regular geometric array, describable through a unit cell
Term
metallic bond
Definition
A chemical bond where electrons are shared over many neuclei and electronic conduction occurs
Term
microstructure
Definition
size, shape, and/or arrangement of crystals
Term
molecular structure
Definition
Have a distinct number of atoms that are held together by primary bonds
Term
nucleation and growth
Definition
process by which a grain structure is produced upon solidification
Term
Poisson's ratio
Definition
ratio of lateral contraction to axial tensile strain
Term
polymorphic
Definition
crystallization of a compound in 2 or more forms
Term
recrystallization
Definition
process of reducing the internal energy through the formation of new crystals
Term
simple cubic
Definition
can be constructed by placing single atoms on all corners of a cube and then linking identical cube units together
Term
slip
Definition
resulting shear deformation
Term
slip system
Definition
specific combination of plane and direction
Term
solid solution
Definition
homogeneous solid solution
Term
strain hardening
Definition
plastically deforming a metal to become harder
Term
substitutional atom
Definition
substituting atoms of a different variety, as may occur in an alloy
Term
unit cell
Definition
a unit building block that is duplicated throughout space in a repetitive manner
Term
vacancy
Definition
missing atoms
Term
valence electrons
Definition
Electrons in the outermost shell or subshell.
Term
van der Waals forces
Definition
Weak or secondary bonds that form between molecules that possess a nonsymmetrical distribution of charge.
Term
work hardening
Definition
plastically deforming a metal to become harder
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