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| element existing in 2 or more forms |
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| materials comprised of two or more different elements…they exhibit their own characteristic properties |
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| (ex. Glass) atoms have a certain degree of local order |
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| properties that vary with direction |
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| specification through the ASTM defined as N=2^(n-1), Low value=few massive grains, high value=many small grains |
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| The number of electrons surrpunding the nucleus of a neutral atom. |
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| elements measure of the size of its atoms, usually the distance from its neucleus to an outer boundary |
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| Have an atom in the center of the cube. contains no close packed planes, slip occurs on most favorable planes in the direction of of closest packing (cube diagonals), BCC have high strength and moderate ductility |
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| fractures that occur before the onset of plastic deformation |
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| shows directions of closest packed atoms |
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| when metals are plastically deformed at temperatures below their recrystallization temperatures |
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| When atoms in the assembly find it impossible to produce completed shells by electron transfer but achieve the same goal through electron sharing. |
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| over-deforming a metal so much that deformation occurs on alternative systems that now offer less resistance |
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| when atoms arrange themselves in a geometric lattice (p56) |
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| progressive slippage of a localized disruption, results in deformation |
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| improving the electrical conductivity of intrinsic semiconductors |
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| when plastic deformation precedes the break |
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| net movement of charge through the material (due to the movement of free electrons), the best have large grain size (p64) |
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| semiconductor that has been doped |
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| expanded cube with an atom inserted in the center of each of the 6 planes of the cube, four close packed planes, FCC are relatively weak, excellent ductility |
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| small continuous volumes of solid, aka crystals |
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| surfaces that divide the grains |
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| increase in grain growth at high temperatures |
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| where individual planes can be clearly ID'd, metals with this structure have poor ductility and are very brittle |
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| if the temperature of deformation is sufficiently above the recrystallization temperature, hot work is achieved |
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| when a moderate amount of thermal energy allows the material to conduct small amounts of electricity |
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| positively or negatively charged ion |
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| chemical bond where an atom loses or gains an electron to produce an ion |
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| properties that are uniform in all directions |
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| regular geometric array, describable through a unit cell |
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| A chemical bond where electrons are shared over many neuclei and electronic conduction occurs |
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| size, shape, and/or arrangement of crystals |
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| Have a distinct number of atoms that are held together by primary bonds |
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| process by which a grain structure is produced upon solidification |
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| ratio of lateral contraction to axial tensile strain |
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| crystallization of a compound in 2 or more forms |
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| process of reducing the internal energy through the formation of new crystals |
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| can be constructed by placing single atoms on all corners of a cube and then linking identical cube units together |
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| resulting shear deformation |
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| specific combination of plane and direction |
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| homogeneous solid solution |
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| plastically deforming a metal to become harder |
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| substituting atoms of a different variety, as may occur in an alloy |
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| a unit building block that is duplicated throughout space in a repetitive manner |
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| Electrons in the outermost shell or subshell. |
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| Weak or secondary bonds that form between molecules that possess a nonsymmetrical distribution of charge. |
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| plastically deforming a metal to become harder |
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