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Institutional Corrections - Midterm
midterm
30
Criminal Justice
Undergraduate 4
10/14/2014

Additional Criminal Justice Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
LIST: 4 philosophical approaches to punishment
Definition
1. general deterrance (speicific vs general)
2. Retribution
3. incapacitation (general vs specific)
4. rehabilitation
Term
Four philosophical approaches to punishment: Define Deterrence + what are the two types?
Definition
-inhibiting effect that punishment will have on actions of those who commit crimes

1. General deterrence: presumes that members of the general public will be deterred by observing punishments of others and will conclude that the costs of crime outweigh the benefits.

severity of punishment, certainty of getting caught, and certainty of being punished.
--derived from HEDONISTIC CALCULUS: do consequences outweigh punishment?

2. Specific Deterrence: Intimidation

targets the decisions and behavior of offenders who have already been convicted; theoretically, punishment will discourage the offender from repeating the offense.
Term
Four philosophical approaches to punishment: Define Incapacitation + list two types
Definition
Prevention by restraint, removal of opportunities for crime types

1. General: incapacitate everyone that poses potential risk of certain behaviors

2. Specific: incapacitate based on specific risk. (ex: habitual offenders get more jail time)
Term
Four philosophical approaches to punishment: Rehabilitation
Definition
Reduce capacity to commit crime by providing various social services

expensive and difficult to measure
Term
Rothman: penitentiary & social disorder
Definition
The penitentiary was created to re-establish social order.

CAUSE OF DISORDER?
-many types of people coming in (not just white/anglosaxan)
-People came to U.S. to look for more opportunities, more cultures
-more people = more problems
-gambling, drinking, prostitution, idleness. large society = stress
-abuse of substances. corrupted individuals needed social institution to re-establish in society

--solution to this disorder was the pennitentiary
Term
Three aspects of the: "holy trinity of the pennitentiary"

Individual (prisoner) goals of this trinity?

Broad social goals of trinity?
Definition
1. Silence
2. Work
3. Obedience

Reform individuals, posititive and good influences on society.

re-establish order in world. obligated to help others
Term
Not guilty by reason of insanity
Definition
-insanity is an affirmative defense

-legal term determined by judges; information submitted by medical professionals sways determination

insanity reflects an individual's diminished capacity to form proper intent (mens rea).

The federal standard created in 1984 is still used today to determine insanity in trials, whereas insanity is presumed until proven otherwise.

Only 1% of insanity pleas result in a NGRI determination

PROCESS:
1. plea must be entered at the beginning of the case, otherwise it cannot be used as a defense
Term
Kansas v. Hendricks - Justice Breyer said that civil committment of sex offenders is unconstitutional. Why? What constitutional rights being violated?
Definition
RIGHTS THAT ARE BEING INFRINGED UPON (3):
1. commitment violated due process rights
2. protection against double jeopardy
3. ex-post factor (engaged in behabior that wasnt criminal before a new law was created. now its criminal and being charged).

Results were cumulatively punitive in nature, because the court wasn’t required to provide treatment, it was an indefinite commitment, and if treatment was necessary, why didn’t he receive it in prison?
The law and decision lacks a least restrictive alternative. Civil commitment to a hospital isn’t always necessary
Term
Pennsylvania v Auburn models of the early penitentiary
Definition
PENNSYLVANIA:
-SEPARATE/SILENT SYSTEM
-isolate individuals from outside influence, keep social disorder out. no contact with each other either.
-operated on the three trinity: silence, work, obedience.
-wanted to reform individuals with positivity - wanted them to become good influences on society and re-establish order in the world. obligated to help others
-failed due to overcrowding with the single cells.
-officers bribed inmates to act within the rules
-influenced by the Quakers


AUBURN PENN:
-Congregate system
-inmates ate and worked together; single cells', no communication allowed
-"lockstep"
-influenced by the protestants
Term
List: Three categories of problems with Seriously Mentally Ill (SMI) in prisons
Definition
There are three aspects of prison culture that negatively affect SMI:

1. Social Structure

2. Discipline

3. Correctional Employees
Term
How does prison culture negatively affect SMI?
Definition
1. easily victimized

2. seen as targets (economic, property, sex, abuse, etc.)

3. "inmate code" doesn't prevent victimization and protects people that take advantage and abuse others.
-unspoken rules of prison prevents advocacy. no protection, stay out of others business

4. join groups; survival and protection. SMI are excluded from the groups because they do not have a lot to offer the group
Term
How does discipline negatively affect SMI?
Definition
-They do not adjust well to prison life because they are at a serious disadvantage and are subject to more discipline

-correctional staff are not trained to understand serious mental illnesses and are unable to accurately spot symptomology.

-SMI have more compliance issues because they often break minor rules. difficulty following procedures due to SMI

-frequent discipline often negatively affects parole outcomes; SMI spend more time in prison because of this

-often use isolation and segregation as a punishment which can drastically affect SMI. negatively affects mental health and stability, makes symptoms worse for SMI.

-spend more time in isolation because removal from isolation is also contingent of good behavior.
Term
How can correctional employees negatively affect SMI in prison?
Definition
1. line staff are the first to notice sympyoms of SMI, but are not trained to respond properly.

1. They approach problems as inmates, not SMI. see behavior as a violation of rules, not symptoms

2. can result in excessive use of force

3. reluctant to refer them to get treatments
Term
How was the pennitentiary supposed to reform prisoners?
Definition
Premise of the penitentiary was that it would reform prisoners by isolating them from the evils of society and making them feel conscientious about the bad decisions that they have made. With kindness and proper instruction, the criminal would become rehabilitated and want to help others avoid the same temptations that he has succombed to. Labor would be a diversion from evil. Become a responsible citizen.
Term
Procedures for evaluating incompetency
Definition
-criminal event leads to arrest
-initial appearance: tell chages, detail of bail
-preliminary hearing - hear charges against you, determine probable cause that ws committed and that that person caused it
-issues of competency raised early on


1. judge orders competency exam conducted by psychologist
2. may take a long time to restore a person to competency
3. proceed to trial if found competent
4. if IST, charges may be fropped or sent to mental health institution to restore competency - stand trial if completely restored
Term
What are the limitations of RETRIBUTION?
Definition
1. lack of empirical evidence for efficacy
Term
What are the limitations of DETERRENCE?
Definition
It does not account for acts that do not involve forethought

imples that people think thoroughly of consequences before committing a crime and thats not how it always is
Term
What are the limitations to INCAPACITATION?
Definition
premise is that so long as we keep an offender in prison then he will have no opportunity to committ crimes. fallacy is that it assumes that people will reoffend. question of severity - is locking somebody up really necessary? how do we know that they will reoffend? is this too severe?
Term
2 components for saying somebody is incompetent to stand trial
Definition
1. FOUNDATIONAL COMPONENT:
-factual understanding of adversarial system (prosecuter, judge, attorney, jury, etc)
-ability to work with attorney
-ability to understand situation as a criminal defendant

DECISIONAL COMPETENCE (RATIONAL UNDERSTANDING)
-ability to understand information relevant to decisions they make
-ability to think rationally about alternatives involved
-ability to appreciate decisions made in best interest
-ability to make a choice about available defense strategy
Term
not guilty by reason of insanity
Definition
you did it, but due to your insanity you are not guilty
Term
difference between competence and insanity
Definition
competence refers to present ability not psychological state at the time of the crime
Term
McNaughten Standard: 1843
Definition
1. McNaughten Standard: started in England; based on common law, adopted by the united states.
-didnt know what they were doing was against the law
-defect of reason OR disease of mind
-not ujndersand nature of actions
level of proof: Varies from proof by a balance of probabilities on the defense to proof beyond a reasonable doubt on the prosecuter
Term
List 5 standards of NGRI chronological order
Definition
1. McNaugten rule

2. irresistable impule

3. durham rule

4. brawner's standard

5. federal standard
Term
irresistable impule

define

level of proof
Definition
"could not control conduct"

unable to control because of mental issues

highly subjective standard because of the term irresistable

policemans elbow test: even if a policeman was at their elbow, they wouldnt know any better

proof: Varies from proof by a blance of probability on the defence to proof beyond a reasonable doubt on the prosecuter
Term
Durham rule

define

proof
Definition
accussed not responsible if actions were a product of mental illness

realied heavily on professional testimony

proof: the burden of proof is beyond a reasonable doubt burdened by the prosecuter
Term
brawners standard

define

level of proof
Definition
"lacks substantial capacity to appreciate wrongfulness of conduct"

does not address mental illness aspect; very vague

proof: the burgen of proof is beyond a reasonable doubt and it is burdened by the prosecuter
Term
federal standard of NGRI

define

levle of proof
Definition
modern standard

diminished capacity

very vague

sanity is presumed

proof: The burden of proof is clear and convincing evidence burdened by the defense
Term
disadvantage of poor people historically in prison
Definition
1166 shire used jail as opportunity investment

auctioned jailor positions

sold necessities to inmates. those without money went without food, blankets, etc.

fees for everytrhing.

stolen items, bartering, prostitution

king built jail, made sheriff operate it, auctioned off jailor positions - jailors profitted
Term
how are the poor disadvantaged in jail TODAY?
Definition
jails are generally for indiividuals that will be detained on a temporary basis
-pending arraignment; awaiting trial; conviction and sentencing
-readmission post probation, parole and bail bond violators
-temporarily detain juveniles pending transfer to juvenile authorities
-hold mentally ill people pending movement to appropriate mental health facility


disadvantages:
-cannot buy additional items from commasary
-may become prostitute
Term
differences between jails before reform and after
Definition
BEFORE JAIL REFORM:
-booking fee, release fees, health visits, medicine, etc.
-wanted to make jail self-sustaining, but problematic because people in the jail dont have a lot of money.

POST-REFORM:
-originated from charitable societies and organizations
-removal of fees and debtors
-improve specific conditions
-local and national standards
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