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| International Relations questions |
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| The study of international relations |
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| balance of power politics among states, the influence of economic structures at the global level and international law, norms and ethics. |
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| Globalization is not always beneficial |
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globalization is the spread of things
it is not always good for example the spread of weapons technology, or even environmental degradation |
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| Traditionalist emphasizes on |
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| the relative utility of history, law, philosophy, and etc. |
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| Behavioralist emphasizes on |
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| formal hypothesis testing, causal model building in the study of political processes or patterns of behavior |
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| Before you understand theory, you must understand these 3 things |
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epistemology
methodology
ontology |
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| involves the ways and means by which we come to know something about the world. SO BASICALLY, EVERYTHING WE KNOW ABOUT THE WORLD NOW. |
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| For example:a popular epistemology is empiricism |
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| which is he view that the only grounds for making truth claims is through direct observation of the world using our senses. |
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| Positivism consists of four underlying implicit assumptions or beliefs |
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1. the unity of the natural and social sciences-we can study society as we study the natural world
2. we can draw a distinction between facts and values
3. regularities exist in the social as well as the natural world and they can be identified
4. empirical validation of falsification is the hallmark of real inquiry |
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| endorses the use of formal hypothesis testing or causal modeling as methodologies ( like the use of statistics and mathematical equations) |
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| the reference is to positivism with the focus on that which is observable, empirical and measurable |
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how each of us views the world-how we see or understand the essence of things around us
-focusing more on individuals |
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| a theoretical idea drawn from a Marxist, materialist ontology. |
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| general perspectives on international relations and world politics that consist of certain assumptions about key actors and processes that influence our theorizing. |
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something may be true in theory but not in fact or in a particular case or set of circumstances.
AND theory is simply a way of making the world or some part of it more intelligible or better understood |
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| Carl Hempel term "requirement of explanatory" |
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| establishing the phenomenon it explains as something that was to be expected in the circumstances in which it occurred. |
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| a proposition relating two or more variables |
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| Generalizing or covering- law approach |
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the primary research strategy that entails invoking laws in a scientifc explanation
-most popular for those operating within positivist framework |
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| Reconstructive positivist strategy |
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| those with a positivist or scientific commitment all tend to agree on one thing |
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| theory is necessary and unavoidable when it comes to explaining and attempting to foresee or predict future outcomes SO WE NEED THEORY TO EXPLAIN |
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| we are overwhelmed and immobilized by an avalanche or mere facts or occurrences around us |
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| theory, hypothesis and propositions |
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| tell us what to focus on and what to ignore in making sense of the world around us |
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| IR also looks into the behaviors of actors |
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| behavior among diverse state and non state actors acting internationally or globally |
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| Partial or middle range theories |
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| they are merely islands of theory without bridges to connect them into a coherent whole |
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| theories that lack parsimony |
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| contain too many factors or variables quickly becoming as complex as or more complex than the reality they purport to explain |
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| deal entirely in the realm of abstraction whether or not their work has direct relevance to problems of the world in which we live |
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| Policy -relevant theories |
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| reducing the likelihood of war or curbing the arms race |
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| in theory while something may be true in theory, it doesnt apply to the real world |
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| anticipate or predict outcomes |
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| if any good, explains international outcomes and provides clues to situations and actions that may produce more of the desire and fewer of the undesired ones |
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| is a framework designed to organize and assist in systematic thinking about IR |
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| when one is trying to explain or study (such as outbreak of war). |
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| factors at different levels of analysis we suspect as being causally related to what we are trying to explain typically |
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outter layer to inner
4. international world or global level
3. state and societal or national level
2. group level
1. individual level |
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distribution of power/capabilites among states
economic patterns
patterns of military alliances
patterns or international trade and finances
and sooo one |
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governmental/ policymaking process
societal/ domain of sociology ideology/political culture/ nationalism and ethinicity/ public opinion so on |
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interest groups
non governmental organizations
policymaking groups
government bureaucracies |
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human nature and psychology
leaders and beliefs systems
personality of leaders and cognition and perception or misperception |
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| which level of analysis is most important |
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the problems emerges from 2 uncontentious claims about social world, 1. human agency is the only moving force behind the actions, events and outcomes of social world.
2. the human agency can be realized only in concrete historical circumtances that condition the possibilites for action and influence its course |
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| freedom of action agents have |
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| the extent to which they are constrained |
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realism
liberalism
economic structuralism
the english school |
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| For realist its all about THE STATES. states are viewed as unitary actors that behave in a generally rational manner. National security issues typically dominate the hierarchy |
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| focuses on not just states but also their insititutions, but also multiple non state actors (international and non governmental organizations, individiuals and groups) |
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| emphasizes on multiple mechanisms of postcolonial domination that maintain the 3rd world in a subordinate status |
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| material understandings or power and balance of power. |
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| ^^ are merely just structures that explains the world |
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| it allows us to explain and predict more accurately the phenomena we observe |
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| INTERPRETIVE UNDERSTANDING |
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| is about how each individuals work ill be influenced by a particular doctrine, image of the world, ideology, paradigm, theory, understanding or perspective |
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| see states and non state actors not as mere products or world politics the international system, but a playing a decisive role in shaping it. |
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| describes the phenomena we experience and the subjectivity that defines the essence of human beings |
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| does not deal with what is, but more of what should of ought to be. |
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| POSITIVISM WAYS. about the story where the girl asked him to teach him theory and he realized that some students get it and some were just not build to think theory. he called those who knew theory born theoreticians |
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-to think therorically one has to avoid treating the task as that of formulating an appropriate definition theory
-to think theoretically one has to be clear as to whether one aspire to empirical theory or value theory
-to think theoretically one must be able to assume that human affairs are founded on an underlying order
-to think theorically one must be predisposed to ask about every event, every situation or every observed phenomenon of what is it an instance?
- to think theoretically one must be ready to appreciate and accept the need to sacrifice detailed descriptions for broad observation
-to think theoretically one must be tolerant of ambiguity, concerned about probabilities and distrustful of absolutes |
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-to think theoretically one must be playful about international phenomena
-to think theoretically one must be genuinely puzzled by international phenomena
-to think theoretically one must be constantly ready to be proven wrong |
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bringing together the 9 pre creative thinking theory
he said that the habits of theoretical thinking may not always be teachable, and they may not even be teachable at all, but if our efforts successfully manage to reach only a few students they are worth undertaking |
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| WALTZ explaining the levels of analysis |
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| he tries to explain why war occurs using the level of analysis |
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| WALTZ 1st image: international conflict and human behavior in the middle of the circle |
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the focus of the important causes of war is found in the nature and behavior of man.
- wars are result from selfishness and from misdirected aggressive impulses, from stupidity.
-to have peace it wouldnt change much of us because it is in our instincts. gave an example: if there were something that men would rather do than fight is to fight together. |
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| WALTZ 2nd image: international conflict and the internal structure of states |
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he said to explain everything by psychology means psycology means nothing.
-war most often promotes the internal unity of each state involved.
-bad states lead war
-how states behave has to do with war |
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| WALTZ 3rd image: international conflict and international anarchy |
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-an anarchy there is no automatic harmony
- a state will use force to attain its goals b/c each state is the final judge of its own cause, any state at anytime can use force all states must be ready either to counter force with force or pay the cost of weakness |
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stag hunt- when she gave the example in class, about working together or ditching the people and work alone.
STAG HUNT IS a tension between one man;s immediate interest and the general interest of the group is resolved by the unilateral action of the one man. this came from ROSSEAU. ROSSEAU talks about christians..if everyone were christians it wouldnt be a society of men. |
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then 2 possible solutions
1. to impose an effective control on the seperate and imperfect states
2. to remove states from the sphere of the accidental that is to define the good state as so perfect that it will no longer be particular |
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| MAX WEBER : understanding |
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| raised the question on objectivity and what we think we see |
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| a science that attempts the interpretive understanding of social action in order thereby to arrive at a causal explanation of its course and effects |
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| to put yourself into someones elses shoes |
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| Direct observational understanding |
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| verbal utterances. the meaning the 2+2=4, we hear and read it |
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| Rational observational understanding |
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| for example who reaches the door knob or who aims a gun at an animal. |
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| Explanatory understanding |
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| Rational understanding of motivation |
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| the outburst of anger, if we know that it has been provoked by jealously, injurded pride or an insult.... |
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| Interpretations and Causal Explanations |
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-Interpretations attempts to attain clarity and certainly. no matter how clear it may be...it cannot on this account aline claim to be causally valid interpretation
-Causual explanations depends on being able to determine that there is a probability that something is calculatable and will be followed or accompained by another event. |
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