Term
| Post-Cold War Predictions (Mearsheimer) |
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Definition
Realist
World most likely to go to multi-polarity
Leads to conflict |
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Term
| Post-Cold War Predictions (Huntington) |
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Definition
Realist
There will be a clash of civilizations
Cultural, religious after 9/11 |
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Term
| Post-Cold War Predictions (Fukuyama) |
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Definition
Constructivist Perspective
Peaceful outlook
No challenge to democracy
End to major wars |
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Term
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Definition
19th Century
Democracy begins to take hold
Ends with Authoritarian regimes in Europe (Germany) |
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Term
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Definition
After WWII
Ends in the 1970's with the fall of Latin American governments |
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Term
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Definition
End of Cold War
Restored in Latin America
New in African States
End of Soviet Satellites |
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Term
| Fukuyama's "End of History" Overview/Definition |
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Definition
End of Mankind's ideological evolution
Universal- Western Democracy as final form of government |
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Term
| Hegal's 3 main components of human make up |
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Definition
1) Desire for survival (food, water, etc.)
2) Man is rational/can reason
3) Man has innate spiritedness/desires recognition (competition until recognition is achieved) |
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Term
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Definition
History is an evolution of ideas
Use ideas to figure out best form of government |
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Term
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Definition
Natural progression of ideas over time with a final fulfillment (has beginning, middle, end)
Beginning- Primitive
Middle- What rule is best? |
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Term
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Definition
Political philosophy based on Enlightenment ideas (individuals are equal)
Limited government and guaranteed rights
Capitalism |
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Term
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Definition
Democracy is a byproduct of modernization
Wealthy States are Democratic |
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Term
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Definition
Economic development promoted democratization
Radically transformed societies
Transformed political order |
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Term
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Definition
Middle Class
Owns means of production
Challenge political order
Want rights of nobility |
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Term
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Definition
Industrial Workers
Terrible work conditions
Sought greater rights and freedoms
Had to join political process |
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Term
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Definition
Brings workers from countries to cities
Increased communication
Allowed for globalization |
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Term
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Definition
Urbanization lead to education
Need educated people to continue industrialization
Greatest challenge to government |
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Term
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Definition
| No need for nobility running us |
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Term
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Definition
Representation
Voting rights
Universal Suffrage
Freedoms
Rights |
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Term
| Critiques of Modernization Theory |
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Definition
Does not cause democracy, wealth helps keep democratic stability
Story of the west not everyone (example China) |
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Term
| Whose perspective is democratic natural progress? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whose perspective is modernization? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Wealth Helps Create democratic stability
Upper/middle class, institutions, education
Increases stakes if lost/Higher cost of transition |
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Term
| 3 Main Points of Democratic Peace |
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Definition
Democracies do not attack each other
Democracy is the solution to the security dilemma
Democracies prefer each other when it comes to trade and diplomacy |
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Term
| Identity Views on Democratic Peace |
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Definition
Set a common set of norms
Value peace
More inclined friendships with each other
Shared political ideology |
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Term
| Liberal Views on Democratic Peace |
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Definition
Helps build complex interdependence
Too deeply connected to fight/Too much to lose
Part of the same organizations/follow the same laws
Rely on diplomacy
Talk with each other to build trust and willingness to cooperate |
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Term
| Realist Views on Democratic Peace |
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Definition
Allied against non-democracies (ex Cold War)
Tend to balance with each other-less likelihood of war
Democracies are not a guarantee of peace but a means of survival |
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Term
| How Does Democracy Help Prevent War? |
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Definition
Public Constraints- public wants peace and stability and pressure politicians
Democratic Culture- Population resists war of aggression
Audience Costs- Population wants peace and demands transparency in interactions with other states |
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Term
| Exceptions with Democratic Peace |
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Definition
Iran- US CIA helped Sha over-rule the Prime Minister in order to prevent an alliance with the Soviet Union. Became an authoritarian monarchy
Guatemala- CIA worked with military when Jacabo Arbenz began to nationalize land. Arbenz stepped down and Military government came to power. |
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Term
| British Dominated Gold Standard |
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Definition
Britain was dominant empire/ 1st industrialized nation
Used gold to back up the pound sterling
Countries can trade by trading currency to gold at fixed rate
London became financial capital of the world |
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Term
| Rigidity of the Gold Standard |
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Definition
Countries' gold in reserve began to run out during Great Depression
Currencies began becoming worthless, causing investors to pull out |
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Term
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Definition
Trying to better oneself at the expense of other
Countries would increase imports and cut off imports
Impose high tariffs on imports
Lower costs of exports
Kills economy in the end |
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Term
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Definition
Powers only trade with each other in the area (ex: Europe in Great Depression)
Going backwards from multilateral trade |
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Term
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Definition
1944 Meeting in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire
Made up of 44 allied powers
Met to reinvigorate international trade and get capital flowing |
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Term
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Definition
US's Solution
Dollar pegged to gold>other states pegged to dollar
Dollar became new international currency and was more flexible than gold standard |
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Term
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Definition
British Economist
Advocated strong state of control
Ideas lent to bretton woods: fixed exchanges rates, liberalizations of multilateral free trade, lower tariffs |
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Term
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
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Definition
Massive emergency reserve bank
Parties that agreed donated funds (mostly US)
Provides loans to countries in state of economic emergency (with conditions) |
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Term
| International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) |
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Definition
Gave long-term financing by way of reconstruction loans
Loans went to Europe after WWII
Becomes part of World Bank- Helped develop 3rd world countries |
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Term
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) |
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Definition
Intended to focus on and promote free trade
Did not focus on agricultural goods |
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Term
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Definition
What you do for your favorite nation, you do for all of GATT
Prevent regionalism and promote multilateral trade
Reduce tariffs to encourage flow of goods |
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Term
| World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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Definition
GATT became WTO in 1990s
Now has regional trade agreements
NAFTA (US, Canada, Mexico)
EUFTO (European Union)
Asian Free Trade Agreement |
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Term
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Definition
Europe buying goods in dollars and had to repay loans
Dollars wouldn't leave US because trade was bad
Couldn't raise the dollar value or Europe couldn't afford anything |
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Term
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Definition
1947- Because of Europe's bad state, countries could not convert to the currency of trade
Options: devaluation, deflation, reduce imports, beggar thy neighbor
All options were harmful in some fom |
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Term
| Marshall Plan's Motive (Political and Economic |
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Definition
Political-Contain spread of communism
Economic-Aggressive measure to boost European economies and prevent crisis |
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Term
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Definition
Europe gets together and find out how much money they need from us to become stable
US gave about 17 billion by 1954 |
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Term
| Marshall Plan's Conditions |
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Definition
Get rid of communists in governments
Ensure survival of democracy |
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Term
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Definition
Political and Economic success
No dollar shortage
Europe became eve with the US |
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Term
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Definition
Europe rivaled US
Japan, Singapore, North Korea, and Hong Kong thrived
AKA Golden age 1950-1970
Hurt US in the long run |
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Term
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Definition
Went from hold 60% of world's gold to 20%
Did not have enough gold
Confidence in dollar declined
Caused by and resulted in countries cashing in dollars for gold |
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Term
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Definition
1966 pulled France out of NATO
Challenges US hegemony
Begins to cash dollars for gold
Nixon took US off gold standard in 1971 |
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Term
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Definition
| Oil was balanced off the price of the dollar so OPEC began to lose money when it became floating currency and fell |
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Term
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Definition
1973- Egypt and Syria against Israel
Western states back Israel
Oil states retaliate by raisin oil prices 70%
Showed how dependent US is for their oil |
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Term
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Definition
| stagnant economy (high unemployment + slow growth) + inflation |
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Term
| End of Keynesian Economics |
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Definition
called for deregulation so businesses were free to act
Wanted to raised interest rates so people would invest in US |
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Term
| Major advocates of Deregulation |
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Definition
| Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan |
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Term
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Definition
The dollar now floats with the economy
Dollar is still reserve currency |
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Term
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Definition
| Currency that has no real value other than what is assigned to it |
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Term
| Global South (Part of North-South Gap) |
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Definition
75% of world's population (generally poorest)
Focus on agricultural production and raw materials
Unable to develop industry
Concentrated in Africa, South Asia |
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Term
| GDP (Gross Domestic Product) |
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Definition
Size of States total economic activity
private consumption + gross investment + government spending + exports - imports
Shows growth of developing countries |
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Term
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Definition
GDP divided by population
Ex: China has high GDP but low GDP per Capita |
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Term
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Definition
North is generally more developed than south
Both south and north's GDP per capita increased in 1990-2008 but the gap between the two grew |
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Term
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Definition
Accumulative wealth is not determined
Only include legal activities |
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Term
| Problems using GDP as a sign of economic health |
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Definition
Should include freedom, healthcare, culture, economy, etc (not included in GDP)
Natural disasters increase GDP, but we don't know where the money goes |
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Term
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Definition
Now $1.25 with inflation
People who live on less than this are in abject poverty
Proportion has fallen, however, $2-a-day has risen |
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Term
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Definition
| 0 is complete equality while 1 is complete inequality |
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Term
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Definition
Human Development Indicator
Calculate GPA per capita using % of children with access to education, adult literacy, and life expectancy |
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Term
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Definition
Humanitarian- Disaster relief
Governments send people, supplies, money, etc
Short term funds |
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Term
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Definition
Helps countries develop
Long term grants and loans to help countries develop
Aid can increase dependency. Fail to invest in their own country. |
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Term
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Definition
Humanitarian- Need is there urgently
Developmental- helps increase healthcare, build schools, focus on devloping roads, etc
Can be bad if government uses for selfish means |
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Term
| Millennium Challenge Cooperation |
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Definition
Created to prevent corrupt governments from receiving aid
Had to apply for aid and they would judge if they deserved aid or not |
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