Realism

•         Core Belief: In an anarchic world (absence of world government), states must defend themselves from others. No state or organization will help them. 

An actor is powerful to the extent that he/she can affect other actors more than they can affect him/her. 

Realist theorist

Dependency

•         Marxist analysis of International Relations

•         Structural/Class analysis of the global economy 

Only by destroying capitalism, breaking away from world imperialism and embracing socialism can countries successfully counteract dependency. 

Dependency Theorist

Countries can achieve some degree of development despite dependency but no autonomy.

Dependency Theorists

Countries can achieve dependent development as foreign capital penetrates and creates diversified industrial sectors. Although they achieved industrialization,  these countries remain dependent on the economy of other countries.

Dependency Theorist

    Liberal Institutionalism

•         Focuses on harmony of interests and how countries can successfully get along.

•         Core belief: International institutions can constrain state behavior and promote cooperation.

•    As states interact, they develop a sense that they need to find ways to mitigate challenges of the anarchic world.  International institutions can serve  as a means of reducing problems associated with an anarchic world.

• Liberal Institutionsalism Theorist 

• Democracies are more likely to promote peace and avoid war. Democracies do not fight against each other. 
• Liberal Instiutionalism Theorist

European Rivalry in the (New) World

Competition among European power looking for economic opportuntites for the new territories in the Americas… and the world.

 Treaty of Tordesillas –1494

Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and the Crown of Catile.

Created by Catholic Church

•         Outlined by President James Monroe in 1823

•         Stated that European powers should stay out of the Americas, in the same way that the U.S. was not to get involved in Europe’s business

• However, initially, the U.S. had no ways of enforcing the doctrine

•         Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand westward across the continent

  The American Invasion or the Mexican-American War

•         American settlers colonized the north (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California)

•         Texans declared their independence in 1836

•         The U.S. annexed Texas in 1845

•         Mexico viewed the annexation as an act of war

• The U.S. sent troops to Mexico

Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty

·         The Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty put a formal end to the war: Mexico ceded half of its territory for U.S. $15 million.

   Liberals

-          Democratic and Republican values (with limitations)

-          Separation of church and state

-          Dismantling of traditional aristocracy

-          In favor of trade

Conservatives

-          Traditional

-          Nationalistic

-          Close to the Catholic Church

• Foreign policy created by President William Howard Taft, to ensure the financial stability of a region, while protecting and extending American financial interests in that region
• It entailed:

- —  A strong alliance between the government and the business community

- —  The use of loans to advance political and economic decisions within Latin American countries

The U.S. and Central America late 19^th century

• The relations between the U.S. and Central America in the late 19^th century reflects the imbalance of power 
•  Countries in Central America were eager to offer tax breaks and cheap labor in order to promote investments

The Canal in Central America

• It became a priority to enhance trade and security
• US and Britain fought for the right to build a canal through Central America

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

•        It was a treaty between the U.S and U.K., negotiated in 1850.

• ·         Under this treaty the U.S could not build a canal without British participation. 

•    Signed as a preliminary to the creaton of the Panama Canal in 1901.

• ·         Gave the U.S the right to created and protect a canal across the Central American isthmus to connect the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.

•     The canal itself would be neutral. 

• the U.S. financed and promoted a domestic rebellion in Panama, planned by a French engineer (Bunau-Varilla)
• The U.S. forced the Panamanians to disband their army, and assumed the “protection” of Panama 
• The U.S. remained in control of the canal until 2000

  This treaty would have given the U.S. the right to a 6 mile wide strip of land in return for an initial amount of $10 million plus annual payments of 250,000. However, the Colombian legislature rejected the treaty. 

•         Bunau-Varilla gave complete sovereign control of the lands of the canal to the U.S. 1903 Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty written in the U.S. without the participation of Panama, contained the same terms as Hay-Herran Treaty but giving 10 miles to the Canal Zone. 
• US and French engineer who lead the rebellion

•          Banana Republic is a country operated as a commercial enterprise for private profit

-          No taxes
-          Private currency

-          National government responded to the companies (and the board of the companies), not to its citizens.

United Fruit Company

• emerged as a powerful force, with influence over American foreign policy in the mid 20th century.
•  had a deep and long-lasting impact on the economic and political development of several Latin American countries. 

   Cuban Independence

• Spaniards refused to sell Cuba to the U.S.
• US approved Teller Amendment: US could occupy the island to pacify it but it cannot become part of the US
• Congress declared war on Spain: The Spanish-American War (April-August 1898). 

The Platt Amendment

•  Stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba after the war, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934.
• The Amendment ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs 

•   28%
• Tied Cuban economic performance to the U.S. Congress 

 War of the pacific

• 1879 Chile went to war with Bolivia and Peru in the War of the Pacific
• Background for War: Bolivian President raised taxes. Chilean company based in Bolivia refused to pay. Chile went to defend the company. Bolivia had a secret alliance with Peru that they would support each other in case of foreign attack. Chile invaded Bolivia.

   Venezuela and British Guiana border dispute 

• Venezuela and Great Britain (British Guiana) had a border dispute.

-          Venezuela asked the US for help. For many years, US had no interest.

• Discovery of gold in the disputed territory attracted more attention from Venezuela, Great Britain and the US.
• 1887 Venezuela demanded Great Britain to leave the disputed territory,

-           It appealed to the US invoking the Monroe Doctrine.

• 1899 US and Great Britain (without the participation of Venezuela) concluded that the disputed land stayed in British territory.

   Olney Corollary/doctrine

• In response to the venezuelan border dispute
• Under the Monroe Doctrine, it asserted the right of the U.S. to intervene in any international disputes within the Western Hemisphere. It also proposed US involvement in arbitration.

The Roosevelt Corollary

•       President Theodore Roosevelt took the Monroe Doctrine and added his own corollary
•    It established that the U.S. would intervene if any Latin American nation engaged in “chronic wrongdoing” (meaning: political instability, large debts, civil unrests…).
• The U.S. was to patrol the Western Hemisphere

Drago Doctrine

• Luis Drago (Argentine ambassador to the US) wrote the Drago Doctrine. It asserted that no government had the right to collect public debt by force.   
• went to the Hague’s Court of Permanent Arbitration. The Court ruled that the creditor countries had the right to use force to collect debts.  

Bryan-Chamorro Treaty

• The U.S. paid US$ 3 million (which were used to pay the Nicaraguan debt to foreign debtors)
•   Rights to lease Nicaraguan territory for American military bases

Augusto Cesar Sandino

• A liberal caudillo that fought U.S. marines
• The U.S. ended up withdrawing from Nicaragua after  

• Will become Nicaraguan dictator and a favorite of the U.S. in Latin America

Woodrow Wilson’s “white man’s burden”

• The basic idea was that more civilized (and lighter skinned) countries, such as the U.S., had the obligation to teach their less civilized (and darker skinned) neighbors how to run a country…

• US supported President Porfirio Diaz was overthrown by Francisco Madero
• US ambassador helped Victoriano Huerta (head of the army) to overthrow and kill Huerta
• Wilson took office and withdrew American support for Huerta
• Venustiano Carranza became President in 1915 with US support against Pancho Villa, a revolutionary in North Mexico

• Germany offered Mexico to create a military alliance in the event of the US entering WWI.
• —  Germany would help Mexico to recover Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. Mexico would declare war vs. US.