Term
| arms of the immune system |
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Definition
- innate immunity (acts first, buys you time)
- 1st line defenses
- 2nd line defenses
2. adaptive immunity (kicks in later, finishes the job)
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Term
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Definition
chemical communication in the system |
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Term
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Definition
- initial, immediate defenses against foreign invaders
- same response regardless of invader and number of exposures
- after breach of 1st line defences reacts to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) using pattern recognition receptors on phagocytes
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Term
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Definition
| give specificity to response |
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Term
| how do WBC's respond to foreign invaders? |
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Definition
| they respond to little patterns on foreign invaders. WBC have receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| a flushing action. mucous coming up. sweep microorganisms away from the lower respiratory tract |
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Term
| outcome of first line defenses |
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Definition
| strategically placed to prevent invasion of deeper tissue (is everywhere in the body from head to toe, most importantly at the surfaces). is surface survalence, 1st thing the bug sees |
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Term
first line defenses
skin and mucous membranes |
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Definition
- normal flora (provide coverage so the bad bugs cant take hold)
- physical barriers (blocking the entry)
- chemical factors (salt, acids, lysozyme)
- flushing actions (physical flushing, a way of getting out)
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Term
second line defenses
leukocytes (WBC) |
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Definition
- granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils)
- agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes)
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Term
| where are blood cells made? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- neutrophils (light purple, multilobed)
- basophils, mast cells (dark purple)
- eosinophils (red)
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Term
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Definition
- lymphocytes (small, large nucleus)
-natural killer (NK) cells
- monocytes (big, horse shoe shape)
-macrophage
-dendritic cell |
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Term
| basophils, mast cells and eosinophils |
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Definition
| promotion of inflammation (help clear out foreign invaders) |
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Term
| natural killer (NK) cells |
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Definition
| destruction of virus infected and cancer cells (specifically targets these cells) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
what is the order of the 2nd line defense in an infection |
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Definition
| neutrophils come in first then macrophages (clean up crew) |
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Term
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Definition
| (ring of proteins) attach to bacterium and punch their way through (like a doughnut) the cell membrane |
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Term
second line defenses
protein substances
antimicrobial peptides |
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Definition
- proteins made by skin, mucous membranes and blood cells (ex:defensins)
- broad spectrum of activity against invaders
- NO resistance (bugs have NOT found a way around our defenses)
OUTCOMES:
- kill foreign invaders
- stimulate immune responses
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Term
second line defenses
protein substances
interferons |
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Definition
- cytokines made by virus infected cells
OUTCOMES:
- prevent viral replication in infected neighbor cells
(saves the neighbor cells NOT the cell that is first infected) |
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Term
second line defenses
protein substances
complement system |
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Definition
- series of C proteins in blood and bodily fluids
- various triggers and pathways for complement cascade (infection is a trigger)
OUTCOMES:
- lysis of foreign cells via membrane attack complexes (MAC) similar to defensins
- opsonization marks it for death
- inflammation
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Term
second line defenses
inflammation |
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Definition
- triggered by microbes, complement and tissue damage
- proinflammatory mediators released by damaged cells and phagocytes (histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes)
- vasodilation (redness, heat)
- increase vascular permeability (swelling, pain)
- phagocyte diapedesis: netrophil -> monocyte -> macrophages
- phagocyte and microbial death-->pus (abcess)
- clearing of the debris by macrophages
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Term
outcome of second line defenses
of inflammation |
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Definition
- destroys agent
- localizes response
- restores function
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Term
second line defenses
fever |
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Definition
- normal BT=37* (regulated by hypothalamus)
- in an infection cytokines called PYROGENS
- prostaglandins set "thermostat" higher
OUTCOME:
- microbes inhibites (stop growing/reproducing)
- body defenses accelerated (speeds up macrophage action)
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Term
| steps of phagocytosis in order |
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Definition
- chemotaxis via cytokines called chemokines
- recognition and attachment via receptors
- engulfment via pseudopods into phagosome
- phaglysosome formation via fusion of phagosome with lysosome
- destruction and digestion killing lysosomal enzymes and toxic oxygen free radicals
- removal of waste trough exocytosis
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