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Inks and Substrates Midterm
Midterm for PNP350
99
Communication
Undergraduate 3
02/23/2012

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Term
the procedure used to monitor and control the many time-varying disturbances that can affect paper quality
Definition
process control
Term
process control with this is difficult because the close human inspection and removal of off-quality paper is not possible
Definition
roll fed paper
Term
streams a negatively charged particle through a web to measure basis weight
Definition
beta rays
Term
TAPPI
Definition
technical association of the pulp and paper industry
Term
used for further processes such as slitting to smaller widths and specific diameters
Definition
rewinders
Term
used to remove defective paper, splicing, and other defects
Definition
salvage rewinders
Term
produce an unexcelled leveling of the coating and a flat, dense, and smooth coated surface with desirable patterns
Definition
blade coatings
Term
papers that have a pH of at least 7.0. Don't contain rosin or alum making the paper maintain the brightness and strength for centuries
Definition
alkaline papers
Term
2 reasons why process control is important
Definition
1. paper machines run faster and became larger, 2. a continuous on-line measurement is critical
Term
invented the paper making machine. What year?
Definition
Nicolas Louis Roberts, 1798
Term
the type of paper-making machine produced by the Fourdriner brothers
Definition
continuous sheet paper making machine
Term
3 most basic types of papermaking machines
Definition
1. cylinder paper making machines
2. twin-wire/former paper making machine
3. conventional fourdriner paper making machine
Term
3 sections in a paper making machine
Definition
1. wet or forming section.
2. press section
3. drying section
Term
2 fundamental steps in papermaking
Definition
1. the fibrous raw material is converted into pulp
2. the pulp is interwoven into a structure known as paper
Term
desireable properties of cellulose for papermaking
Definition
1. abundant and replenishable
2. easily harvested
3. easily transported
4. high tensile strength
Term
general pulp-making process
Definition
1. starts with pulpwood.
2. all roundwood must be debarked
3. wood goes through pulping process to break wood down into its components to create pulp
Term
pass wood chips through a disk refiner at atmospheric pressire at high speeds. The water and friction case the wood chips to separate.
Definition
refiner mechanical pulping
Term
wood chips are separated into fibers in refiners operating at elevated temperatures and under pressure
Definition
thermo-mechanical pulping
Term
wood chips are treated with mild chemicals before the refining process at elevated temperatures and under pressure
Definition
chemi-thermomechanical pulping
Term
wood is under pressure while it is being fed through a grinder
Definition
pressurized groundwood pulping
Term
are produced in two stages where wood chips are treated with a mild chemical to "cook" the wood and help break down intercellular bonds. After the break down has started the wood chips are fed through a refiner and then washed.
Definition
semichemical pulps
Term
done using either an acid or alkaline cooking of wood under heat and pressure. During the cooking process the hemi-cellulose constituents of wood are dissolved and the cellulose fibers are released
Definition
chemical pulping
Term
batch method of cooking wood has been replaced with what?
Definition
continuous pulping systems, increased production ten-fold
Term
how many groups of recycled papers are there?
Definition
5
Term
three phases of recycling
Definition
collecting, processing, and manufacture of material into new products
Term
what organization has placed regulations on all paper purchased by the government?
Definition
USEPA
Term
Define postconsumer:
Definition
paper that is disposed of at the end of the product's lifespan
Term
Define preconsumer:
Definition
paper and paperboard waste generated after the completion of the papermaking process
Term
4 general steps of recycling paper
Definition
repulping, deinking, contaminant removal, and often bleaching
Term
two main processes for de-inking paper
Definition
washing and flotation
Term
2 major differences between paper made with recycled fibers and paper made with virgin fibers
Definition
brightness and strength
Term
two main groups of trees
Definition
coniferous and deciduous
Term
the various forms of wood used in papermaking - roundwood, logs, ships, sawdusts, and shavings
Definition
pulpwood
Term
after sugarcane is ground for its sugar, a fibrous residue remains
Definition
bagasse
Term
a grass that grows wild in North Africa and southern Spain
Definition
esparto
Term
fibers come from cutting, threads, and waste from textile manufacturing
Definition
cotton and linen fibers
Term
these short, seed-hair fibers remaining on cottonseeds after the staple
Definition
cotton
Term
a chemical process used on various types of wood or recycled paper pulp to enhance the whiteness
Definition
bleaching of pulp
Term
a measure of how much light is reflected by paper
Definition
brightness
Term
___________ improves as paper whiteness increased
Definition
printing contrast
Term
unbleached pulp contains ______, to produce white pulp, this must be removed or bleached
Definition
lignin
Term
credit for creating paper is given to _______ , in ______ year
Definition
Ts'ai Lun, 105 A.D.
Term
3 contributions to papermaking made by the Muslins in 750 A.D.
Definition
repulping(recycling), paper from linen fibers, more efficiency in beating teh fibers
Term
additional paper applications by the Chinese
Definition
toilet paper, playing cards, paper to wrap products
Term
became the primary producer of paper in Europe, made two developments
Definition
the Vatican; watermarks, and guilds to protect the craft
Term
two screen that were in common use in history that are still used today.
Definition
laid and wove
Term
their industrial development made the the major exporter and producer of fine papers
Definition
France
Term
when movable type was invented, by whom?
Definition
1454, Johann Gutenberg
Term
advantage of German paper mills
Definition
rougher terrain; streams could be used to drive their stamping mills
Term
developed by the Dutch, an oval tub that allowed rags to be broken down under the blades of a large paddle wheel and required little energy
Definition
Hollander beater
Term
problems that arose as papermaking grew in popularity
Definition
a shortage of rags causing supply problems, forming the sheets
Term
by 1800, which country had the most paper mills? how many? how much was produced?
Definition
Germany, 500, 1200 tons
Term
when a commercially viable paper-making machine was put into production? who developed it?
Definition
1812, Fourdriner brothers
Term
invented lithography, what year?
Definition
Alois Senefolder, 1804
Term
developed the cylinder paper machine, what year? what is it still used for today?
Definition
John Dickinson, 1809, making paperboard
Term
perfected the use of steam as a way to dry the paper and wind it ontp a roll
Definition
Robert Ranson
Term
year wood grinding machines were invented
Definition
1840
Term
when chemical pulping methods were developed
Definition
around the time of the Civil War
Term
percentage of the world's paper fibers that come from wood
Definition
98%
Term
by 1845, how many states were producing paper?
Definition
22 states
Term
5 major classifications of printing papers
Definition
business, offset, cover, paperboards, and miscellaneous
Term
paper accounts for what percentage of the print job's cost
Definition
20-30
Term
consumption of paper in the US
Definition
720 pounds/person/year
Term
speed of today's papermaking machines
Definition
4000 ft/minute
Term
basin size of bond paper
Definition
17 x 22
Term
commonuses for bond paper
Definition
stationary, letterhead, writing paper
Term
characteristics of bond paper
Definition
erasability, hard surface, ink holdout
Term
basic size of offset paper
Definition
25 x 38
Term
common uses for offset paper
Definition
book pages, magazines, posters, newspaper inserts, catalogs
Term
characteristics of offset paper
Definition
fold strength, opacity, smoothness, brightness, surface strength
Term
basic size of cover paper
Definition
20 x 26
Term
uses of cover paper
Definition
book and manual covers, business cards
Term
characteristics of cover paper
Definition
thick caliper/stiffness, permanence, fold strength, brightness, and smoothness
Term
basic size of index paper
Definition
25.5 x 30.5
Term
uses of index paper
Definition
folders, index cards, tags
Term
characteristics of index
Definition
smoothness, hard surface, strength stiffness
Term
uses for newsprint
Definition
newspapers, catalogs, directories
Term
characteristics of newsprint
Definition
opacity, low strength, low permanence, low cost
Term
weight of 1 ream of paper in its basic size
Definition
basis weight
Term
weight of 1000 sheets
Definition
m weight
Term
to determine weight of paper not bought in basic size
Definition
comparative weight
Term
thickness, measured with what?
Definition
caliper, micrometer
Term
tests for determining grain direction
Definition
resistance test, fold test, tear test, moisture test, stiffness test
Term
arises ultimately from the moisture sensitivity and swelling of the cell wall
Definition
dimensional stability
Term
the extent to which a paper can withstand a force applied at right angles to its surface without rupturing
Definition
pick resistance
Term
refers to the extent that paper diffusely reflects light of all wave lengths throughout the visible spectrum.
Definition
paper whiteness
Term
defined as the percentage reflectance of blue light only at a wavelength of 457 nm
Definition
paper brightness
Term
the property of paper which obstructs the passage of light and show through of printing
Definition
paper opacity
Term
how the properties of paper lend themselves to the reproduction of images
Definition
printability
Term
the degree to which the appearance and other properties of a print approach the desired result
Definition
print quality
Term
the difference between density values within the image
Definition
print contrast
Term
affects ink color and print contrast; to achieve a smooth ink film, the thickness of the ink must be greater than the roughness
Definition
smoothness
Term
a blotchy variation of ink density or glass within a printed image
Definition
mottle
Term
caused by the paper diffentially absorbing the ink solvent while the paper is traveling through the press; creates an area that is tackier and more viscous than surrounding areas
Definition
back-trap mottle
Term
caused by paper having dull and glass spots usually cause by fiber clumps in the base sheet or non-uniform absorbency
Definition
glass mottle
Term
a finely patterned non-uniformity in a printed area; cause by differences in ink acceptance and absorbency in a paper's surface
Definition
graininess
Term
a function of the ink vehicle retention, paper gloss and smoothness; gloss will decrease if paper surface allows the vehicle portion of the ink to absorb into its surface
Definition
sheetfed ink gloss
Term
the quick evaporation of ink solvent by heatset drying reduces the time ink has to drain into the paper
Definition
web offset ink gloss
Term
6 steps in the manufacturing of paper (essay)
Definition
1. fibrous raw materials
2. manufacture of pulp
3. the bleaching of pulps
4. paper machines
5. process control
6. recycled papers
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