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Information Systems
(BUS 340) Chapters 5 - 8
169
Business
Undergraduate 3
10/26/2009

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Term
• Enterprise architecture
Definition
includes the plans for how an organization will build, deploy, use, and share its data, processes, and IT assets
Term
• Enterprise architect (EA) -
Definition
a person grounded in technology, fluent in business, a patient diplomat, and provides the important bridge between IT and the business
Term
• Information architecture
Definition
identifies where and how important information, such as customer records, is maintained and secured
Term
• Enterprise information architecture should focus on Backup and recovery,
Definition
Disaster recovery, and Information security
Term
• Backup
Definition
an exact copy of a system’s information
Term
• Recovery
Definition
the ability to get a system up and running in the event of a system crash or failure and includes restoring the information backup
Term
• Fault tolerance
Definition
computer system designed that in the event a component fails, a backup component or procedure can immediately take its place with no loss of service
Term
• Failover
Definition
a backup operational mode in which the functions of a computer component (such as a processor, server, network, or database) is assumed by secondary system components when the primary component becomes unavailable through either failure or scheduled down time
Term
• Disaster recovery plan
Definition
a detailed process for recovering information or an IT system in the event of a catastrophic disaster such as a fire or flood
Term
• Disaster recovery cost curve
Definition
charts (1) the cost to the organization of the unavailability of information and technology and (2) the cost to the organization of recovering from a disaster over time
Term
• Hot site
Definition
a separate and fully equipped facility where the company can move immediately after a disaster and resume business
Term
• Cold site
Definition
a separate facility that does not have any computer equipment, but is a place where employees can move after a disaster
Term
• Business continuity planning (BCP
Definition
is a plan for how an organization will recover and restore partially or completely interrupted critical function(s) within a predetermined time after a disaster or extended disruption
Term
• Infrastructure architecture
Definition
ncludes the hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment that, when combined, provides the underlying foundation to support the organization’s goals
Term
• Five primary characteristics of a solid infrastructure architecture:
Definition
1. Flexibility
2. Scalability
3. Reliability
4. Availability
5. Performance
Term
• Scalability
Definition
refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands
Term
• Capacity planning
Definition
determines the future IT infrastructure requirements for new equipment and additional network capacity (performing a capacity plan is one way to ensure the IT infrastructure is scalable)
Term
• Reliability
Definition
ensures all systems are functioning correctly and providing accurate information
Term
• Availability
Definition
addresses when systems can be accessed by users
Term
• High availability
Definition
refers to a system or component that is continuously operational for a desirably long length of time
Term
• Performance
Definition
measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction (in terms of efficiency IT metrics of both speed and throughput)
Term
• Application architecture
Definition
determines how applications integrate and relate to each other
Term
• Web service
Definition
contains a repertoire of Web-based data and procedural resources that use shared protocols and standards permitting different applications to share data and services
Term
• Interoperability
Definition
the capability of two or more computer systems to share data and resources, even though they are made by different manufacturers
Term
• The two primary parts of web services are:
Definition
event and service
Term
a. Event
Definition
detect threats and opportunities and alert those who can act on the information
Term
b. Service
Definition
more like software products than they are coding projects (Need to be reusable if they are going to have an impact on productivity)
Term
• Open system
Definition
a broad, general term that describes nonproprietary IT hardware and software made available by the standards and procedures by which their products work, making it easier to integrate them
Term
• Open source
Definition
refers to any program whose source code is made available for use or modification as users or other developers see fit
Term
• Service oriented architecture (SOA
Definition
is a business-driven IT architectural approach that supports integrating a business as linked, repeatable tasks or services
Term
• The key technical concepts of SOA are
Definition
Services, Interoperability, & Loose coupling
Term
• (A SOA) service
Definition
can be a business task, such as checking a potential customer's credit rating only opening a new account
Term
• Interoperability
Definition
is the capability of two or more computer systems to share data and resources, even though they are made by different manufacturers
Term
• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Definition
a markup language for documents containing structured information
Term
• Loose coupling
Definition
is the capability of services to be joined together on demand to create composite services, or disassembled just as easily into their functional components
Term
• Virtualization
Definition
is a framework of dividing the resources of a computer into multiple execution environments
Term
• System virtualization
Definition
is the ability to present the resources of a single computer as if it is a collection of separate computers ("virtual machines")
Term
• Trends of virtualization
Definition
Hardware being underutilized, Data centers running out of space, increased energy costs & System administration costs mounting.
Term
• Grid computing
Definition
is an aggregation of geographically dispersed computing, storage, and network resources, coordinated to deliver improved performance, higher quality of service, better utilization, and easier access to data
Term
– Real-time information
Definition
immediate, up-to-date information
Term
– Real-time system
Definition
provides real-time information in response to query requests
Term
• Characteristics of high-quality information
Definition
Accuracy, Completeness, Consistency, Uniqueness , & Timeliness.
Term
primary sources of low quality information
Definition
1. Customers intentionally enter inaccurate information to protect their privacy
2. Different entry standards and formats
3. Operators enter abbreviated or erroneous information by accident or to save time
4. Third party and external information contains inconsistencies, inaccuracies, and errors
Term
business effects resulting from low quality information
Definition
1. Inability to accurately track customers
2. Difficulty identifying valuable customers
3. Inability to identify selling opportunities
4. Marketing to nonexistent customers
5. Difficulty tracking revenue
6. Inability to build strong customer relationships
Term
• Database
Definition
maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses).
Term
• Relational database model
Definition
stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables
Term
• Database Models
Definition
Hierarchical database model
• Network database model
Relational database model
Term
• Entity
Definition
– a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored. (rows)
Term
• Attribute
Definition
characteristics or properties of an entity class (columns)
Term
• Primary key
Definition
a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
Term
• Database advantages
Definition
from a business perspective include: Increased flexibility, scalability and performance, information redundancy, information integrity (quality), & information security
Term
• Foreign key
Definition
a primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables
Term
• Physical view
Definition
deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device
Term
• Logical view
Definition
focuses on how users logically access information
Term
• Scalability
Definition
refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands
Term
• Performance
Definition
measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction
Term
• Redundancy
Definition
the duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple places
Term
• Information integrity
Definition
measures the quality of information
Term
• Integrity constraint
Definition
rules that help ensure the quality of information
Term
• Integrity constraint Types
Definition
1. Relational integrity constraint
2. Business-critical integrity constraint
Term
• Password
Definition
provides authentication of the user
Term
• Access level
Definition
determines who has access to the different types of information
Term
• Access control
Definition
determines types of user access, such as read-only access
Term
• Database management systems (DBMS
Definition
software through which users and application programs interact with a database
Term
• Data-driven websites
Definition
an interactive website kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of a database
Term
• Integration
Definition
allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other
Term
1. Forward integration
Definition
takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes
Term
2. Backward integration
Definition
takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes
Term
• Data warehouse
Definition
a logical collection of information – gathered from many different operational databases – that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks
Term
• Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)
Definition
a process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse
Term
• Data mart
Definition
contains a subset of data warehouse information
Term
• Cube
Definition
common term for the representation of multidimensional information
Term
• Information cleansing or scrubbing
Definition
a process that weeds out and fixes or discards inconsistent, incorrect, or incomplete information
Term
• Data mining
Definition
the process of analyzing data to extract information not offered by the raw data alone
Term
• Telecommunication system
Definition
enable the transmission of data over public or private networks
Term
• Network
Definition
a communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers and establishing standards, or protocols, so that they can work together
Term
• Local area network (LAN)
Definition
is designed to connect a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home.
Term
• Wide area network (WAN)
Definition
spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province, or country
Term
• Metropolitan area network (MAN)
Definition
- a large computer network usually spanning a city
Term
• Network and telecommunication competitive advantages
Definition
Voice over IP, Networking businesses, Increasing the speed of business, Securing business networks
Term
• Voice over IP (VoIP)
Definition
uses TCP/IP technology to transmit voice calls over long-distance telephone lines
Term
• Virtual private network (VPN)
Definition
a way to use the public telecommunication infrastructure (e.g., Internet) to provide secure access to an organization’s network
Term
• Bandwidth
Definition
is the difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies that can be transmitted on a single medi¬um, and it is a measure of the medium's capacity
Term
• Broadband
Definition
refers to high-speed Internet connections transmitting data at speeds greater than 200 kilobytes per second (Kbps)
Term
• Mobile
Definition
means the technology can travel with the user, but it is not necessarily in real-time
Term
• Wireless
Definition
gives users a live (Internet) connection via satellite or radio transmitters
Term
• Smartphone
Definition
combines the functions of a cellular phone and a PDA in a single device
Term
• Bluetooth
Definition
a telecommunications industry specification that describes how mobile phones, computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) can be easily interconnected using a short-range wireless connection
Term
• Satellite
Definition
a big microwave repeater in the sky; it contains one or more transponders that listen to a particular portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, amplifying incoming signals, and retransmitting them back to Earth
Term
• Microware transmitter
Definition
commonly used to transmit network signals over great distances
Term
• Location-based services (LBS
Definition
are wireless mobile content services which provide location-specific information to mobile users moving from location to location
Term
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
Definition
is a "constellation" of 24 well-spaced satellites that orbit the Earth and make it possible for people with ground receivers to pinpoint their geographic location
Term
• Geographic information system (GIS) -
Definition
is designed to work with information that can be shown on a map
Term
• Wireless fidelity (wi-fi)
Definition
a means of linking computers using infrared or radio signals
Term
• Wireless fidelity (wi-fi) Examples
Definition
Cellular phones and pagers, ,Global positioning systems (GPS), Cordless computer peripherals, Home-entertainment-system control boxes, Two-way radios, & Satellite television
Term
• WiMAX
Definition
is a telecommunications technology aimed at providing wireless data over long distances in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access
Term
WiMAX tower
Definition
can provide coverage to a very large area - as big as 3,000 square miles
Term
WiMAX receiver
Definition
....and antenna could be built into a laptop the way Wi-Fi access is today
Term
• Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Definition
use active or passive tags in the form of chips or smart labels that can store unique identifiers and relay this information to electronic readers
Term
• RFID tag
Definition
contains a microchip and an antenna, and typically work by transmitting a serial number via radio waves to an electronic reader, wh¬¬ich confirms the identity of a person or object bearing the tag
Term
RFID uses
Definition
preventing toilets from overflowing, identifying human remains, getting into nightclubs, cooking with robots, timing athletic events, tracking wheels of cheese, monitoring casinos, tracking razor blades,& issuing passports
Term
• Production
Definition
is the creation of goods and services using the factors of production
Term
• Production management
Definition
describes all the activities managers do to help companies create goods
Term
• Operations management (OM)
Definition
the management of systems or processes that convert or transform resources into goods and services
Term
• Transformation process
Definition
the actual conversion of inputs to outputs
Term
• Value-added
Definition
the term used to describe the difference between the cost of inputs and the value of price of outputs
Term
• IT’S ROLE IN OM
What, When, Where, How, Who
Definition
What resources will be needed and in what amounts? When should the work be scheduled? How will the work be done?
Who will perform the work?
Where will the work be performed?
Term
• Strategic planning
Definition
focuses on long range planning
Term
• Strategic business units (SBUs)
Definition
consist of several stand-alone businesses
Term
• Materials requirement planning (MRP
Definition
use sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right time and place
Term
• Tactical planning
Definition
focuses on producing goods and services as efficiently as possible within the strategic plan
Term
• Global inventory management system
Definition
provides the ability to locate, track, and predict the movement of every component or material anywhere upstream or downstream in the production process
Term
• Operational planning and control (OP&C)
Definition
deals with the day-to-day procedures for performing work, including scheduling, inventory, and process management
Term
• Operational planning and control (OP&C) System Types
Definition
1. Inventory management and control system
2. Transportation planning system
3. Distribution management system
Term
key competitive priorities can add value to its OM decisions
Definition
o Cost , Quality, Delivery, Flexibility, & Service
Term
1. Cost
Definition
there can be only one lowest-cost producer, and that firm usually establishes the selling price in the market
Term
2. Quality
Definition
is divided into two categories product and process quality
Term
3. Delivery
Definition
a firms ability to provide consistent and fast delivery
Term
4. Flexibility
Definition
a firms ability to offer a wide variety of products
Term
5. Service
Definition
high-quality customer service adds tremendous value to an ordinary product
Term
• Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Definition
involves the management of information flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability
Term
1. Supply chain strategy
Definition
strategy for managing all resources to meet customer demand
Term
2. Supply chain partner
Definition
partners throughout the supply chain that deliver finished products, raw materials, and services.
Term
3. Supply chain operation
Definition
schedule for production activities
Term
4. Supply chain logistics
Definition
product delivery process
Term
SCM Stages
Definition
strategy
partner
operation
logistics
Term
• Effective and efficient SCM systems
Definition
1. Decrease the power of its buyers
2. Increase its own supplier power
3. Increase switching costs to reduce the threat of substitute products or services
4. Create entry barriers thereby reducing the threat of new entrants
5. Increase efficiencies while seeking a competitive advantage through cost leadership
Term
supply chain has three main links
Definition
1. Materials flow from suppliers and their “upstream” suppliers at all levels
2. Transformation of materials into semifinished and finished products through the organization’s own production process
3. Distribution of products to customers and their “downstream” customers at all levels
Term
• Supply chain visibility
Definition
the ability to view all areas up and down the supply chain
Term
• Bullwhip effect
Definition
occurs when distorted product demand information passes from one entity to the next throughout the supply chain
Term
• Demand planning software
Definition
generates demand forecasts using statistical tools and forecasting techniques
Term
• Supply chain planning (SCP) software
Definition
uses advanced mathematical algorithms to improve the flow and efficiency of the supply chain
Term
• Supply chain execution (SCE) software
Definition
automates the different steps and stages of the supply chain.
Term
• Three factors fostering speed
Definition
Pleasing customers
Information flows
Term
• Supply Chain Management Metrics
Definition
Back Order:
Customer order promised cycle time
Customer Order Actual cycle time
Inventory replenishment cycle time
Inventory Turns(turnover):
Term
• SCM industry best practices
Definition
Make the sale to suppliers, Wean employees off traditional business practices, Ensure the SCM system supports the organizational goals, Deploy in incremental phases and measure and communicate success, & Be future oriented.
Term
The supply chain has three main links:
Definition
Materials flow from suppliers and their “upstream” suppliers at all levels
Transformation of materials into semifinished and finished products through the organization’s own production process
Distribution of products to customers and their “downstream” customers at all levels
Term
Three architecture trends that are quickly becoming requirements for all businesses including:
Definition
Service oriented architecture
Virtualization
Grid computing
Term
Grid computing -
Definition
is an aggregation of geographically dispersed computing, storage, and network resources, coordinated to deliver improved performance, higher quality of service, better utilization, and easier access to data
Term
Information Levels
Definition
individual, department, enterprise
Term
information formats
Definition
document, presentation, spreadsheet, database
Term
information granularities
Definition
detail(fine), summary, aggregate(coarse)
Term
Entity
Definition
in the relational database model is a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored
Term
ETL
Definition
(Extraction, Transformation, and Loading)
a process that extracts information from internal and external databases, transforms the information using a common set of enterprise definitions, and loads the information into a data warehouse
Term
Analytical Information
Definition
encompasses all organizational information and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis tasks
Term
Hierarchical database
Definition
stores information in a tree-like structure that allows repeating information using parent/child relationships, in such a way that it cannot have too many relationships
Term
business-critical integrity constraints
Definition
System will not allow an entry for an order for a nonexistent customer.
System will not allow shipping a product to a customer who does not have a valid address.
Systems will not allow shipping of a nonexistent product to a customer.
Term
What is an integration
Definition
Allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other
Term
reasons why operational systems are not appropriate for business analysis
Definition
Does not include information from other operational applications.
Operational information is mainly current.
Operational information frequently has quality issues.
Term
value-added network (VAN)
Definition
A private network, provided by a third party, for exchanging information through a high capacity connection
Term
Virtual Private Network (VAN)
Definition
A way to use the public telecommunication infrastructure (e.g., Internet) to provide secure access to an organization’s network
Term
smartphone
Definition
combines the functions of a cellular phone and a PDA in a single device?
Term
principles of supply chain management
Definition
Customize the logistics network and focus intensively on the service requirements.
Listen to signals of market demand and plan accordingly .
Segment customers by service needs and then tailor services to those particular segments.
Term
The supply chain has three main links
Definition
Materials flow from suppliers and their “upstream” suppliers at all levels.
Transformation of materials into semifinished and finished products through the organization’s own production process.
Distribution of products to customers and their “downstream” customers at all levels.
Term
Supply chain event management
Definition
enables an organization to react more quickly to resolve supply chain issues
Term
When does OM primarily increase value-added?
Definition
During the transformation process
Term
IT’S ROLE IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN
Definition
IT’s primary role is to create integrations or tight process and information linkages between functions within a firm
Term
Planning and Control Supply Chain INTEGRATION
Definition
EXAMPLES: SCPlanning, collaborative product development, integrated demand and supply management.
Term
Information INTEGRATION
Definition
examples: inventory visibility, performance metrics, event monitoring, business intelligence, scorecards, dashboards.
Term
Buisness Process Integration
Definition
examples: collaborative logistics, commerce web sites, vendor-managed inventory, private exchanges.
Term
DSSs allow managers to examine performance and relationships over the supply chain and among...
Definition
Suppliers
Manufacturers
Distributors
Other factors that optimize supply chain performance
Term
Productions Management
Definition
all of the activities managers do to help companies create goods
Term
Activities within the scope of OM?
Definition
Locating facilities.
Training employees.
Capacity planning .
Term
Which type(s) of operational planning uses distribution management systems?
Definition
Strategic planning.Tactical planning.
Operational planning and control.
Term
CMMI
Definition
modern quality control standard is a framework of best practices in managing, measuring, and monitoring software development processes
Term
DSSs allow managers to examine performance and relationships over the supply chain and among...
Definition
Suppliers .Transportation options. Other factors that optimize supply chain performance.
Term
top 3 reasons why executives use SCM to manage extended enterprises?
Definition
cost control/savings. productivity improvements. inventory reductions/improvements.
Term
Collaborative engineering
Definition
allows an organization to reduce the cost and time required during the design process of a product
Term
Seven Principles of Supply Chain Management
Definition
1. Segment customers based on service needs.
2. Customize the logistics network.
3. Listen to signals of market demand and plan accordingly.
4. Differentiate product closer to the customer.
5. Source strategically.
6. Develop a supply chain-wide technolgy strategy.
7. Adopt channel-spanning performance measures.
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