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| study of life, knowlege comes from conduction science observation and experimentation |
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| the search for information and explanation |
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| describes natural structures and processes (based on observation and analysis of data) |
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| a hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well-framed question (leads to predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation) |
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| recorded observations or items of information, often organized into tables and graphs |
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| descriptions rather than measurements |
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obersvation
hypothesis and predictions
methodology/testing
results/analysis
conculsion/communication |
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| a series of ordered groupings at multiple levles within a system |
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| result from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system |
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| constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological system |
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| that as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it slows adn less of teh product is produced |
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| that as more of a product accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up and more of the product is produced |
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| units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring |
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order
regulation
energy processing
growth and development
reproduction
response to the environment
evolutionary adaptation |
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| the process of change that has transformed life on Earth |
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| Darwin's points about evolution |
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-species showed evidence of descent with modification from common ancestors
-natural selection is the mechanism behind descent with modification |
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protons (+)
neutrons (0)
electrons (-) |
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| is approximated by mass number |
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| an electron's energy level, based on state of potential energy and distance from nucleus |
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| the three dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time |
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covalent bonds (polar/nonpolar)
ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
van der waals interactions |
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| the sharing of a pair of valence elctrons by two atoms |
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| two or more differnet elements combined |
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| an atom's attraction for electrons in a covalent bond (higher electronegativity means pulling more stongly) |
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| atoms share electrons equally |
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| atoms do not shar electtons equally |
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| the attraction between cations and anions (electrons are NOT shared but given up and recieved) |
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| a charged atom or molecule |
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| compounds formed by ionic bonds |
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| a noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom |
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| van der waals interaction |
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| attractions between ever changing regions of positive and negative charge in molecules that are close together |
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| hydrogen bonds van der waals interactions, and ionic bonds in water |
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-determines how molecules interact
-molecules with similar biological effects |
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| when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal |
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| Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth's fitness for life |
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Definition
-cohesive behavior
-ability to moderate temperature
-expansion upon freezing
-versatility as a solvent |
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| collectively, hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together |
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| an attraction between different substances |
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| a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid (bug walking on water) |
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| moderation of temperature |
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-water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases heat to cooler air
-water can abosorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature |
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| a measure of the total amount of kinetic enregy due to molecular motion in a body of matter (depends of matter's volume) |
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| a measure of the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules (does not depend on matter's volume) |
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| the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to chang temperature by 1 degree C |
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| the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas |
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| when the remaining surface cools as a liquid evaporates |
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| -ice floats on water (ice-hydrogen bonds are more ordered and ice is less dense) |
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| a liquid homogeneous mixture of substances |
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| substance that is dissolved |
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| one in which water is the solvent |
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| sphere of water molecules surrounding an ion disolved from an ionic compound in water |
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| has an affinity for water (substances that are charged or have charged regions |
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| does not have an affinity for water (oil molecules: have relatively nonpolar bonds) |
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| a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid |
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| any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution (hydrochloric acid) |
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| any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution (ammonia, sodium hydroxide) |
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| minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution |
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| rain, snow, fog with pH < 5.6 |
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| when CO2 is realeased by fossil fuel combustion |
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| the study of carbon compounds |
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organic molecules of only C and H
-components to many organic molecules
-can undergo reactions releasinf lots of energy
-hydrophobic fuel |
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| compounds with same molecular formula, different structures (3kinds) |
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| have different covalent arrangements of atoms |
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| have same covalent arrangements, different saptial arrangements |
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| mirror images of each other |
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| the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions |
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| 7 most important functional groups |
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Definition
-hydroxyl
-carbonyl
-carboxyl
-amino
-sulfhydryl
-phosphate
-methyl |
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| primary energy transferring molecule in the cell |
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| large molecules, thousands of covalently connected atoms |
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| long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks |
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| small building bloock molecules |
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| dehydration reaction (condensation) |
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| when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule |
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| macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process |
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| a reaction that is the reverse of the dehydration reaction |
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| sugars and the polymers of sugars |
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| double sugars (monomers formed by glycosidic linkages) |
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| polymers of sugars, up to thousands of monosaccharides (have storgage and structural roles) |
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| a covalent bond that forms through dehydration to join two monosaccharides into a disaccharide |
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| polysaccharides for storage |
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| polysaccharides for structure |
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| a major component of the tough wall of plant cells |
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| another structural polysaccharide, found in arthropod exoskeleton and the cell walls of many fungi |
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-do not form polymers
-hydrophobic parts due to nonpolar covalent bonds of hydrocarbon portions
-fats, phospholipid, steroid |
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| a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon |
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| a carboxyl groupd attached to a long carbon skeleton |
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| a fat molecule that has three acids joined to glycerol by ester linkage |
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| a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carbonxyl group |
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| have maximum hydrogen atoms possible, no double bonds (solid at room temperature) |
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| have one or more double bonds (liquid at room temperature) |
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-saturated fats may contribute through plaque deposits
-unsaturated fats with trans double bonds contribute even more |
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| two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol (make up the cellular membrane, hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails) |
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| carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
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-a steroid
-component in animal cell membranes
-essentail in animals |
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| the membrane at the boundry of a cell that selectively regulates the cell's chemical composition, made primarily of proteins and lipids |
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| allowing some substances to cross more easily than others |
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| membrane a fluid structure with a mosaic of embedded protein |
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| polymers built from set of 20 amino acids, each with unique linear amino acid sequence |
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| large functional molecule with a specific 3D structural arrangement of one or more polypeptide |
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| organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups; differ in properties due to side chains (R groups) |
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| unique sequence of amino acids (joined by peptide bonds) |
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| coils and folds in a chain (a helix and B pleated sheet) |
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| overaldetermined by the R group (includes hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der waals interactions, and disulfide bridges) |
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| nonpolar side chains pushed away from water, end up in clusters at protein core |
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| loss of native structure, unraveling (caused by pH, salt concentration, temperature) |
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| protein molecules that assist proper folding of other protein |
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| mearsures diffraction of light beams through a crystal to get a 3-D image of electron density |
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| nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
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Definition
-does not require protein crystallization
-measures absorption of electromagnetic radiation |
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| uses computer programs to predict protein structure from amino acid sequence |
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| polymer called polynucleotide |
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| chain of monomers called nucleotides |
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| consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, phosphate group |
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| (cytosine,thymine, uracil) single six membered ring |
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| (adenine and guanine) six membered ring fused to five-membered ring |
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| structure that act as site of protein synthesis |
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| an atom's attraction for the electons in a covalent bond |
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Definition
organic molecules of only C and H
-components to many organic molecules
-can undergo reactions releasing lots of energy |
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Definition
showed abiotic synthesis of oraganic molecules in atmosphere was possible
-resulted in some amino acids adn hydrocarbons |
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| eary earth chemical, physical processes may have produced simple cells; sequence of stages |
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Definition
-abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
-joining these into macromolecules
packaging into protocells
-origins of self replication |
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| RNA molecules that catalyze many reactions |
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-bacteria
-archaea
-eukarya |
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| Basic features of all cells |
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Definition
-plasma membrane
-semifliud substance called cytosol
-chromosomes
-ribosomes |
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-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelles |
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-DNA
-membrane bound organelles
-cytoplasm
-much larger than prokaryotic cells |
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| in bacterial cell walls, network of sugar polymers cross linked by polypeptides |
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| a polysaccharide or protein layer that covers many prokaryotes |
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| allow to stick to substrate or other individual |
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| longer than fibriae, allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA |
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| metabolically inactive that remain viable in harsh condition for centuries |
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Definition
energy source:light
carbon source: CO2
types of organisms: photosynthetic prokaryotes; plants, certain protists |
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energy source: inorganic chemicals
carbon source: CO2
types or organisms: certain prokaryotes |
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energy source: light
carbon source: organic compounds
types of organisms: certain prokaryotes |
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energy source: organic compounds
carbon source: organic compounds
types of organisms: manyu prokaryotes and protists |
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| can surive with or withour O2 |
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| some prokaryotes can convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia |
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| live in swamps marshes and produce methane as a waste product |
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| photoautotrophs that generate O2 |
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| containing hydrophilic and phdrophobic regions (phospholipid) |
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