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Info Systems 100 Midterm
N/a
82
Computer Science
Undergraduate 1
10/08/2012

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Term
Information Age
Definition
the present time, during which infinite quantities of facts are widely available to anyone who can use a computer
Term
Information Systems
Definition
extension of management and organization theory that applies technical capabilities and solutions initially developed by computer science, to tasks in organizations
Term
Business Intelligence
Definition
applications and technologies that are used to gather, provide access to, and analyze data and information to support decision-making efforts
Term
Business Strategy
Definition
A leadership plan that achieves specific set of goals or objectives such as:
o Developing new products
o Entering new markets
o Increasing customer loyalty
o Attracting new customers
o Increasing sales
Term
Competitive advantage
Definition
A p/s that an organization’s customers place a greater value on than similar offerings from a competitor
o Ex. Apple’s iTunes and iPod
Term
FIrst-mover advantage
Definition
Occurs when an organization can significantly impact its market share by being first to market with a competitive advantage
o Ex. FedEX customer self-service
Term
Name Porter's Five Forces Model
Definition
- Buyer Power
- Supplier Power
-Threat of Substitute
-Threat of New Entrants
-Rivalry Among Existing Competitors
Term
Buyer Power
Definition
• High when buyers have many choices of whom to buy from and low when their choices are few
• Factors: # of customers, sensitivity to price, order size, availability of substitutes
• Companies reduce buyer power by
• Switching cost- Manipulating costs that make customers reluctant to switch to another product
o Ex. Cost of switching doctors, phone plans
• Loyalty program- rewards customers based on the amount of business they provide
o Ex. AirMiles
Term
Supplier Power
Definition
• High when buyers have few choices of whom to buy from and low when their choices are many
• The supplier’s ability to influence the prices they charge for supplies
Term
Threat of Substitute
Definition
• High when there are many alternatives to a product and low when there are few alternatives
• Low for pharmaceutical companies
• High for airline transportations
• Large availability decreases the threat
• Various add-on services lowers the threat
Term
Threat of New Entrants
Definition
• High when it is easy for new competitors to enter a market and low when there are significant entry barriers
• Industries with high entry barriers
• Energy
• Telecommunications
• Banking
• Low entry barriers
• Restaurants
• Catering
• Movie Rentals
Term
Rivalry Among Existing Competitors
Definition
• High when competition is fierce in a market and low when competitors are more complacent
• Restaurants, telecommunications, and banking have high competition
• Energy and stock exchanges have low competition
Term
Name Porter's Three Generic Strategies
Definition
-Cost Leadership
- Differentiation
- Focused Strategy
Term
Supply Chain Management
Definition
Management of information that flows between stages in a supply chain to max total supply chain effectiveness and profitability
Term
4 components of SCM
Definition
• Supply chain strategy
• Supply chain partner
• Supply chain operation
• Supply chain logistics
Term
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Definition
Involves managing all aspects of a customer’s relationship with an organization to increase customer loyalty and retention.
Not just technology, but a strategy
Term
Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
Definition
the analysis and redesign or workflow within and between enterprises. The purpose is to make all business processes the best
Term
Business Process
Definition
A standardized set of activities that accomplish a specific task such as processing a customer’s order
Term
Enterprise Resource Planning
Definition
Integrates all departments throughout an organization into a single IT system so that employees can make decisions by viewing enterprise wide information on all business operations
Term
Differences between SCM, CRM, and ERP
Definition
o SCM focus specifically on suppliers
o CRM focus on customers
o ERP focus on everything
Term
Information Technology
Definition
any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization
Term
Hardware
Definition
consists of the physical devices associated with a computer system
Term
Software
Definition
the set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks
Term
Computer
Definition
an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept, manipulate, and store data
Term
BIT (Binary Digit)
Definition
• Smallest unit of data
• One of two values, represented by 0 or 1
• Everything- pictures, words, songs, movies- stored as a series of 0s and 1s in the computer
Term
BYTE
Definition
• String of 8 bits, representing one character
• Maximum of 256 different character (2^8= 256)
Term
CPU
Definition
the actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software) instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together
Term
What are the 2 parts of the CPU?
Definition
Control unit- interprets software instructions and tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software instructions
Arithmetic-logic Unit (ALU)- preforms all arithmetic operations and all logic operations
Term
Motherboard
Definition
Physical platform that contains circuitry and components
Term
Bus
Definition
Connects the CPU with attachments to the motherboard
3 types:
- Data: moves data to and from primary storage
- Address: determines which addresses in primary storage should be used to temporarily store required data/instructions
-Control: moves data to and rom input/output devices and secondary storage
Term
CPU clock speed
Definition
The number of CPU cycles per second determines the speed of CPU
Term
Primary storage
Definition
the computer's main memory, which consists of the random access memory (RAM), cache memory, and read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU
- comprised of semiconductor chips
Term
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Definition
the computer's primary working memory, in which program instructions and data are stores so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the processor's high-speed data bus
Term
Cache memory
Definition
an ultra fast internal CPU memory to store recently accesses or frequently accesses data
Term
Read-only Memory (ROM)
Definition
the portion of a computer's primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power
Term
Secondary Storage
Definition
consists of equipment designed to store large volumes of data for long-term storage
Term
Magnetic medium
Definition
a secondary storage medium that uses magnetic techniques to store and retrieve data on disks or tapes coated with magnetically sensitive materials
Term
Optical Medium Storage
Definition
secondary storage medium for computers on which information is stored at extremely high density in the form of tiny bits.
Term
Input Device
Definition
equipment used to capture information and commands
eg. mouse, keyboard, scanner
Term
Output device
Definition
equipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information processing requests
eg. printer, speakers
Term
Communication device
Definition
equipment used to send information and receive it from one location to another
eg. Cable, wireless, satellite
Term
Port
Definition
A way to connect devices to the CPU
Term
Serial port
Definition
sends one bit at a time
Term
Parallel port
Definition
sends 8 bits at a time
Term
USB
Definition
a high sleep connection that allows "daisy chaining" of up to 127 devices through only one port using a hub
Term
Program
Definition
a series of statements or instructions
Term
System software
Definition
generalized programs that manage the computer's resources
Term
Utility Software
Definition
Provide additional functionality to the system software
Term
Application software
Definition
Programs written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end users
Term
Operating System
Definition
The System software that manages and controls the activities of the computer, decides which computer resource will be used, which program will be run and the order in which activities will take place
Term
What are the OS Functions?
Definition
Allocation and Assignment: Allocates resources to applications
Scheduling: Scheduling processing, inputs, and ouputs
Monitoring: Keeps tracks of users and jobs
Term
Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)
Definition
- Allows users to interact with the operating system
- Uses icons, buttons, and mouse to preform tasks
- Windows 95 and newer support GUI
Term
Telecommunication system
Definition
enables the transmission of data over public or private networks
Term
Network
Definition
a communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers and establishing standards, or protocols so that they can work together
Term
Local Area Network (LAN)
Definition
A computer network that used cables or radio signals to link two or more computers within a geographically limited area, generally one building or a group of buildings. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN. e.g. StFX LAN
Term
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Definition
A computer network that provides data communication services for business in geographically dispersed areas (such as across a country or around the world). The Internet is a WAN that spans the world
eg. Government of Candaa
Term
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Definition
A computer network that provides connectivity in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by a local area network, but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network. A college or business may have a MAN that joins the difference LANs across its campus
ex. NS Libraries
Term
Client/Server network
Definition
Client- a computer that is designed to request information from a server
Server- a computer that is dedicated to providing information in response to external requests
- it is a model for applications in which the bulk of the back-end processing takes place on a server, which the front-end processing is handled by the clients
Term
Network Operating system (NOS)
Definition
the operating system that runs a network, steering information between computer and managing security and users
Term
Packet-switching
Definition
occurs when the sending computer divides a message into a number of efficiently sized units called packets, each of which contains the address of destination computer
Term
Router
Definition
an intelligent connecting device that examines each packet of data it receives and then decides which way to send it onward toward its destination
Term
Peer-to-peer (P2P) network
Definition
any network without a central file server and in which all computers in the network have access to the public files located on all other computers
Term
Topology
Definition
how they are configured with respect to each other
Term
Name and describe the difference topologies
Definition
Network topology- refers to the geometric arrangement of the actual physical organization of the computers and other network devices in a network
Bus- all devices are connected to a central cable, called a bus or backbone. Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small networks
Star- All devices are connected to a central device, called a hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub
Ring- All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Ring topologies are relatively expensive and difficult to ins all, but they offer high bandwidth and can span large distances
Hybrid- Groups of star-configured workstations are connected to a linear bus backbone cable, combining the characteristics of a bus and star topologies
Wireless- Devices are connected by a receiver/transmitter to a special network interface card that transmits signals between a computer and a server, all within an acceptable transmission range
Term
Protocols
Definition
a standard that specifies the format of data as well as the rules to be followed during transmission. For two devices on a network to successfully communicate, they must both understand the same protocols
Term
Interoperability
Definition
the capability of two or more computer systems to share data and resources, even though they are made by a different manufacturers
Term
Ethernet
Definition
a physical and data layer technology form LAN networking
Term
What does a Ethernet protocol standard do?
Definition
- describes how messages are packaged
- determines how messages are processed
- personal computers usually support 10/100/1000 Ethernet
Term
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Definition
provides transport functions, ensuring, among other things the amount of data received is the same as the amount transmitted
Term
Internet Protocol (IP)
Definition
provides the addressing and routing mechanism that acts as a postmaster
Term
IP addresses
Definition
-Four blocks of 3 digit numbers separated by dots
- Each block ranges from 0 to 225
-domain names are bing used by people who has difficulty remembering IP numbers
Term
How to test if an Internet node is alive
Definition
1. ping command in DOS
2. Ping a URL
3. Ipconfig (DOS) for your own IP address
Term
Name/ Describe the 4 layers of TCP/IP
Definition
1. Application Layer- serves as the window for users and application processes to access network services
2. Transport Layer- handles end-to-end packet transportation
3. Internet Protocol Layer- formats the data into packets, adds a header containing the packet sequence and the address of the receiving device, and specifies the services required form the network
4. Network Layer- places data packets on the network for transmission
Term
Simple Main Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Definition
Communication standard for sending and receiving emails
Term
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Definition
A communication standard to transfer files over the Internet
Term
Telnet Protocol (Telnet)
Definition
remote login to another computer
Term
Internet Relay Chat (IRC Protocol)
Definition
Communication via chat
Term
Voice over IP (VoIP)
Definition
uses TCP/IP technology to transmit voice calls over long-distance telephone lines
Term
Network transmission media
Definition
refers to the various types of media used to carry the signal between computers
Term
Wire media (guided)
Definition
-transmission material manufactured so that signals will be confined to a narrow path and behave predictably
- Three most commonly used types:
1. Twisted-pair wiring
2. Coaxial cable
3. Fiber optic (or opitical fiber)
Term
Wireless media (unguided)
Definition
natural parts of the Earth's environment that can be used as physical paths to carry electrical signals
Term
Virtual private network (VPN)
Definition
a way to use the public telecommunication infrastructure (eg. Internet) to provide secure access to an organization's network
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