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| the present time, during which infinite quantities of facts are widely available to anyone who can use a computer |
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| extension of management and organization theory that applies technical capabilities and solutions initially developed by computer science, to tasks in organizations |
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| applications and technologies that are used to gather, provide access to, and analyze data and information to support decision-making efforts |
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A leadership plan that achieves specific set of goals or objectives such as:
o Developing new products
o Entering new markets
o Increasing customer loyalty
o Attracting new customers
o Increasing sales |
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A p/s that an organization’s customers place a greater value on than similar offerings from a competitor
o Ex. Apple’s iTunes and iPod |
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Occurs when an organization can significantly impact its market share by being first to market with a competitive advantage
o Ex. FedEX customer self-service |
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| Name Porter's Five Forces Model |
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Definition
- Buyer Power
- Supplier Power
-Threat of Substitute
-Threat of New Entrants
-Rivalry Among Existing Competitors |
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• High when buyers have many choices of whom to buy from and low when their choices are few
• Factors: # of customers, sensitivity to price, order size, availability of substitutes
• Companies reduce buyer power by
• Switching cost- Manipulating costs that make customers reluctant to switch to another product
o Ex. Cost of switching doctors, phone plans
• Loyalty program- rewards customers based on the amount of business they provide
o Ex. AirMiles |
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• High when buyers have few choices of whom to buy from and low when their choices are many
• The supplier’s ability to influence the prices they charge for supplies |
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• High when there are many alternatives to a product and low when there are few alternatives
• Low for pharmaceutical companies
• High for airline transportations
• Large availability decreases the threat
• Various add-on services lowers the threat |
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• High when it is easy for new competitors to enter a market and low when there are significant entry barriers
• Industries with high entry barriers
• Energy
• Telecommunications
• Banking
• Low entry barriers
• Restaurants
• Catering
• Movie Rentals |
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| Rivalry Among Existing Competitors |
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Definition
• High when competition is fierce in a market and low when competitors are more complacent
• Restaurants, telecommunications, and banking have high competition
• Energy and stock exchanges have low competition |
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| Name Porter's Three Generic Strategies |
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Definition
-Cost Leadership
- Differentiation
- Focused Strategy |
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| Management of information that flows between stages in a supply chain to max total supply chain effectiveness and profitability |
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• Supply chain strategy
• Supply chain partner
• Supply chain operation
• Supply chain logistics |
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| Customer Relationship Management (CRM) |
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Definition
Involves managing all aspects of a customer’s relationship with an organization to increase customer loyalty and retention.
Not just technology, but a strategy |
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| Business Process Reengineering (BPR) |
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Definition
| the analysis and redesign or workflow within and between enterprises. The purpose is to make all business processes the best |
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| A standardized set of activities that accomplish a specific task such as processing a customer’s order |
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| Enterprise Resource Planning |
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Definition
| Integrates all departments throughout an organization into a single IT system so that employees can make decisions by viewing enterprise wide information on all business operations |
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| Differences between SCM, CRM, and ERP |
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Definition
o SCM focus specifically on suppliers
o CRM focus on customers
o ERP focus on everything |
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Definition
| any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization |
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| consists of the physical devices associated with a computer system |
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| the set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks |
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| an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept, manipulate, and store data |
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• Smallest unit of data
• One of two values, represented by 0 or 1
• Everything- pictures, words, songs, movies- stored as a series of 0s and 1s in the computer |
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Definition
• String of 8 bits, representing one character
• Maximum of 256 different character (2^8= 256) |
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| the actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software) instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together |
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Term
| What are the 2 parts of the CPU? |
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Definition
Control unit- interprets software instructions and tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software instructions
Arithmetic-logic Unit (ALU)- preforms all arithmetic operations and all logic operations |
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| Physical platform that contains circuitry and components |
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Connects the CPU with attachments to the motherboard
3 types:
- Data: moves data to and from primary storage
- Address: determines which addresses in primary storage should be used to temporarily store required data/instructions
-Control: moves data to and rom input/output devices and secondary storage |
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| The number of CPU cycles per second determines the speed of CPU |
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the computer's main memory, which consists of the random access memory (RAM), cache memory, and read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU
- comprised of semiconductor chips |
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Term
| Random Access Memory (RAM) |
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Definition
| the computer's primary working memory, in which program instructions and data are stores so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the processor's high-speed data bus |
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Definition
| an ultra fast internal CPU memory to store recently accesses or frequently accesses data |
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| the portion of a computer's primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power |
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| consists of equipment designed to store large volumes of data for long-term storage |
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| a secondary storage medium that uses magnetic techniques to store and retrieve data on disks or tapes coated with magnetically sensitive materials |
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| secondary storage medium for computers on which information is stored at extremely high density in the form of tiny bits. |
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Definition
equipment used to capture information and commands
eg. mouse, keyboard, scanner |
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Definition
equipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information processing requests
eg. printer, speakers |
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equipment used to send information and receive it from one location to another
eg. Cable, wireless, satellite |
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Definition
| A way to connect devices to the CPU |
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| a high sleep connection that allows "daisy chaining" of up to 127 devices through only one port using a hub |
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| a series of statements or instructions |
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| generalized programs that manage the computer's resources |
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| Provide additional functionality to the system software |
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| Programs written for a specific application to perform functions specified by end users |
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Definition
| The System software that manages and controls the activities of the computer, decides which computer resource will be used, which program will be run and the order in which activities will take place |
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| What are the OS Functions? |
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Definition
Allocation and Assignment: Allocates resources to applications
Scheduling: Scheduling processing, inputs, and ouputs
Monitoring: Keeps tracks of users and jobs |
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Term
| Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) |
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Definition
- Allows users to interact with the operating system
- Uses icons, buttons, and mouse to preform tasks
- Windows 95 and newer support GUI |
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Definition
| enables the transmission of data over public or private networks |
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Definition
| a communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers and establishing standards, or protocols so that they can work together |
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Definition
| A computer network that used cables or radio signals to link two or more computers within a geographically limited area, generally one building or a group of buildings. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN. e.g. StFX LAN |
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Definition
A computer network that provides data communication services for business in geographically dispersed areas (such as across a country or around the world). The Internet is a WAN that spans the world
eg. Government of Candaa |
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Term
| Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) |
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Definition
A computer network that provides connectivity in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by a local area network, but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network. A college or business may have a MAN that joins the difference LANs across its campus
ex. NS Libraries |
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Term
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Definition
Client- a computer that is designed to request information from a server
Server- a computer that is dedicated to providing information in response to external requests
- it is a model for applications in which the bulk of the back-end processing takes place on a server, which the front-end processing is handled by the clients |
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| Network Operating system (NOS) |
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Definition
| the operating system that runs a network, steering information between computer and managing security and users |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the sending computer divides a message into a number of efficiently sized units called packets, each of which contains the address of destination computer |
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Definition
| an intelligent connecting device that examines each packet of data it receives and then decides which way to send it onward toward its destination |
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| Peer-to-peer (P2P) network |
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Definition
| any network without a central file server and in which all computers in the network have access to the public files located on all other computers |
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Definition
| how they are configured with respect to each other |
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Term
| Name and describe the difference topologies |
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Definition
Network topology- refers to the geometric arrangement of the actual physical organization of the computers and other network devices in a network
Bus- all devices are connected to a central cable, called a bus or backbone. Bus networks are relatively inexpensive and easy to install for small networks
Star- All devices are connected to a central device, called a hub. Star networks are relatively easy to install and manage, but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub
Ring- All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Ring topologies are relatively expensive and difficult to ins all, but they offer high bandwidth and can span large distances
Hybrid- Groups of star-configured workstations are connected to a linear bus backbone cable, combining the characteristics of a bus and star topologies
Wireless- Devices are connected by a receiver/transmitter to a special network interface card that transmits signals between a computer and a server, all within an acceptable transmission range |
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Term
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Definition
| a standard that specifies the format of data as well as the rules to be followed during transmission. For two devices on a network to successfully communicate, they must both understand the same protocols |
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Definition
| the capability of two or more computer systems to share data and resources, even though they are made by a different manufacturers |
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Definition
| a physical and data layer technology form LAN networking |
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| What does a Ethernet protocol standard do? |
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Definition
- describes how messages are packaged
- determines how messages are processed
- personal computers usually support 10/100/1000 Ethernet |
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Term
| Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) |
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Definition
| provides transport functions, ensuring, among other things the amount of data received is the same as the amount transmitted |
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Definition
| provides the addressing and routing mechanism that acts as a postmaster |
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Definition
-Four blocks of 3 digit numbers separated by dots
- Each block ranges from 0 to 225
-domain names are bing used by people who has difficulty remembering IP numbers |
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| How to test if an Internet node is alive |
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Definition
1. ping command in DOS
2. Ping a URL
3. Ipconfig (DOS) for your own IP address |
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Term
| Name/ Describe the 4 layers of TCP/IP |
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Definition
1. Application Layer- serves as the window for users and application processes to access network services
2. Transport Layer- handles end-to-end packet transportation
3. Internet Protocol Layer- formats the data into packets, adds a header containing the packet sequence and the address of the receiving device, and specifies the services required form the network
4. Network Layer- places data packets on the network for transmission |
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| Simple Main Transfer Protocol (SMTP) |
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Definition
| Communication standard for sending and receiving emails |
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| File Transfer Protocol (FTP) |
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Definition
| A communication standard to transfer files over the Internet |
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Definition
| remote login to another computer |
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| Internet Relay Chat (IRC Protocol) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uses TCP/IP technology to transmit voice calls over long-distance telephone lines |
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Term
| Network transmission media |
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Definition
| refers to the various types of media used to carry the signal between computers |
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Term
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Definition
-transmission material manufactured so that signals will be confined to a narrow path and behave predictably
- Three most commonly used types:
1. Twisted-pair wiring
2. Coaxial cable
3. Fiber optic (or opitical fiber) |
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| Wireless media (unguided) |
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Definition
| natural parts of the Earth's environment that can be used as physical paths to carry electrical signals |
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| Virtual private network (VPN) |
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Definition
| a way to use the public telecommunication infrastructure (eg. Internet) to provide secure access to an organization's network |
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