Term
| name of organ or tissue + itis = inflammation in that organ or tissue |
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Definition
| formula for making something inflammed |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of mouth/mucosa |
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Term
| periodontitis, not pyorrhea |
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Definition
| pus leaking from the gingiva is called ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of lymph node |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of fallopian tube |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of glans penis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
1) mechanical injury
2) chemical injury
3) radiation injury(sun burn/UV)
4) thermal injury (heat blister)
5) infection (urethritis)
6) compromise of blood supply (gangrene)
7) immune injury(angioedema) |
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Definition
| list the causes of ACUTE inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| the body's RESPONSE TO INJURY - thermal, physical, chemical, allergic, or immune-mediated disease |
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Term
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Definition
| when INFLAMMATION is caused by a LIVING organism(infection) |
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Term
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Definition
| Does inflammation mean infection? |
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Term
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Definition
| give an example of inflammation without infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation depends on ____ of pathogens, and _____ of reactions |
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Term
1) acute/chronic
2) exudative/non
3) based on clinical features |
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Definition
| describe the 3 ways inflammation is classified |
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Term
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Definition
| what cells are involved in acute inflammation? |
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Term
| (mononuclear cells)lymphocytes, plamsa cells, macrophages |
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Definition
| what cells are involved in chronic inflammation? |
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Term
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Definition
acute or chronic?
exudation of fluid and plasma proteins |
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Term
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Definition
acute or chronic?
proliferation of blood vessels and fibroblasts (fibrosis and scarring) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exudate is ______ RICH fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| transudate is protein _____ fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| an exudate rich in neutrophils and debris of dead cells |
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Term
1) serous (chicken pox, bullous pemphigoid, laryngeal edema)
2) fibrous (fibrous pericarditis in Rheumatic Fever)
3) supporative/purulent (wharton's duct stone, GBS infxn, bacterial meningitis
4) abcess
5) cellulitis
6) catarrhal/seromucous
7) ulcerative(apthous stomatitis, peptic ulcer) |
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Definition
| list the "clinical" classificaiton categories for inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| a localized collection of pus that has accumulated in a tissue cavity producing fluctuance |
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Term
| cellulitis (NOT CELLULITE) |
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Definition
| diffuse spread of an acute inflammatory process through fascial planes of soft tissue producing erythema, edema, warmth, and pain WITHOUT CONSOLIDATION |
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Term
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Definition
| a clinical type of exudative inflammation that occurs only on mucosal surfaces containing mucu-secreting cells, such as nasal or bronchial mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
| a defect in epithelial continuity due to sloughing of necrotic tissue |
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Term
1) rubor
2) tumor
3) calor
4) dolor
5) loss of function |
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Definition
| list the 5 cardinal signs of scute inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| if something is red, swollen, and warm, is it inflammed? |
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Term
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Definition
| the means by which defensive cells, proteins and chemicals leave the blood vessels and enter the tissue |
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Term
| the blood(in circulation) |
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Definition
| most defensive elements involved with inflammation are located where? |
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Term
1) vascular injury
2) cellular responses
3) systemic reactions
4) repair |
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Definition
| list the types of responses that are made in reaction to injury (the components of inflammation) |
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Term
1) mast cells
2) fibroblasts
3) macrophages |
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Definition
| what cells involved in inflammation are located in the connective tissue? |
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Term
1) PMN's
2) lymphocytes
3) platelets
4) monocytes
5) clotting factors, kininogens, complement
6) eosinophils
7) basophils
8) endothelial cells |
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Definition
| what cells involved in inflammation are located in blood vessels? |
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Term
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Definition
| what is a normal leukocyte count? |
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Term
Neutrophils: 50-70%
Lymphocytes: 20-45%
Monocytes: 10%
Eosinophils: <2%
Basophils: <1%
(never let monkeys eat bananas) |
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Definition
| what does NLMEB stand for? |
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Term
| from 10,000 WBC/ul *.5 = 5,000 neutrophils/ul |
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Definition
| whats a normal absolute neutrophil count? |
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Term
arterioles: vasodilation
venules: increased vascular permeability |
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Definition
| in the inflammatory process, what occurs in arterioles and venules? |
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Term
1) margination and adhesion
2) emigration and migration
3) recognition and attachment
4) engulfment and killing |
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Definition
| list the steps leukocytes take in the inflammatory process to get to the tissue |
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Term
1) histamine
2) nitric oxide
3) prostaglandins |
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Definition
| what compounds are known to cause vasodilation? |
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Term
| increase blood flow and permeability of blood vessels |
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Definition
| what is the purpose of vasodilation? |
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Term
1) arteriolds vasodilate
2) venules become more permeable
3) there is fluid loss(edema)
4) red cells concentrate
5) the viscosity increases
6) the dilated vessells slow their flow(stasis)
7) there is vascular congestion |
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Definition
| list the events that occur as vascular flow and caliber change in inflammation |
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Term
1)histamine
2)bradykinin
3)leukotrienes |
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Definition
| list the compounds that cause endothelial cell contraction which leads to the separation of their intercellular junctions |
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Term
| bradykinin & prostaglandins |
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Definition
| what chemical mediator causes pain? |
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Term
1) Histamine - mast cells/basophils/platelets - increase vasc. permeability/vasodilate/endothelium activation
2) Seratonin - platelets - vasodilation
3) C5a, C3a - plasma(liver)-anaphylotoxins - vasodilate, activate/attract WBCs
4) leukotrienes - leukocytes/mast cells - increase vasc. permeability, leukocyte activation/adhesion
5) bradykinin - HMWK - vasodilation, **pain, **increase vasc. permeability(endothelial cell contraction)
6) NO - endothelialcells/macrophages -vasodilation |
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Definition
list the mediators of vascular events and their sources and effects
p.57 table 2-4 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
1) increased levels of lysosomal enzymes, ROS, nitrogen spp
2) the cell increases in size
3) metabolism increases
4) increased cytokine production
5) greater ability to phagocytose and kill |
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Definition
| what happens when macrophages are activated? |
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Term
1) margination
2) rolling
3) adhesion(pavementing)
4) diapedesis
5) chemotaxis
6) phagocytosis
7) killing |
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Definition
| list the steps a neutrophil takes to exit the vasculature into the tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| what compounds are secreted by macrophages to increase the number of adhesion molecules for leukocytes(neutrophils/more macros)? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what compounds are used in chemotaxis of incoming leukocytes? |
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Term
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Definition
| list the compounds that serve as opsonins for phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| selectins are invovled in ___ while integrins are involved in _____ |
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Term
L-leukocytes
E-endothelium
P-platelets and entothelium |
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Definition
| what do L, E, and P selectins stand for? |
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Term
| cytokines (like IL-1 and TNF) |
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Definition
| CAM's on leukocytes and endothelial cells are induced by _____ released from macrophages, mast cells, and endothelial cells |
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Term
ex: bacterial products
end: complement frags - C5a
arachidonic acid metabolites - LTB4
cytokines - IL-8 |
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Definition
| list the endogenous and exogenous chemokines (cytokines that do chemotaxis) |
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Term
| neutro: 24 hrs, macro: longer |
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Definition
| how long do neutrophils live? macrophages? |
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Term
| remicade, enbrel, humira (these help prevent leukocyte recruitment to help stop autoimmune processes and disorders related to immune activity) |
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Definition
| list some TNF blockers, what are they used for? |
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Term
antibodies - IgG (second encounter)
complement proteins - C3b (first encounter)
Lectins - MBL |
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Definition
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Term
| coat things with opsonins so phagocytes can more easily bind to them with the receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| particle attaches, gets phagocytosed into the phagosome, then lysosomes join up = phagolysosome |
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Definition
| how do phagolysosomes form? |
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Term
1)O2
----NADPH ox
2)O2-
----Superoxide dismutase (resp. burst)
3) H2O2
----myeloperoxidase
4) HOCl |
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Definition
| list the series of reactions in lysosomes to kill stuff |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is defective in chronic granulomatous disease? |
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Term
1)superoxide dismutase (O2- ->H2O2)
2) catalase
3) glutathione peroxidase |
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Definition
| what enzymes protect you from the free radicals produced by lysosomes etc? |
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Term
in lysozyms of macrophages and major basic protein of eosinophils
1) bacteriocidal permability increasing protein (BPI) - activates phospholipase to degrade plipids in bac cell membrane
2) lysozyme -bacteriocidal
3) lactoferrin - iron-binding protein
4) MBP-eosinophil granules toxic to helminths
5) defensins - toxic to microbes |
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Definition
| list the O2 independent killing methods, what cells use these? |
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Term
| uses substances located in the leukocyte granules to kill bac. |
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Definition
| how is O2 independt killing typically achieved? |
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Term
| neutrophil opsonization defect, B cells don't mature to plasma cells, and Ig's are messed up, so basically neutrophils are ok, just can't do their job because they cannot be opsonized |
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Definition
| defect in Bruton agammaglobulinemia (XLA) |
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Term
its autosomal recessive, get recurrent bac. infxns, poor wound healing, and peripheral blood neutrophillic leukocytosis
-common problem = gingival inflammation and periodontitis causing pre-mature tooth loss
(WBS cannot get into the vasculature) |
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Definition
| describe the defect/symptoms in Leukocyte adhesion deficiency |
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Term
| chemotaxis is impaired due to a mutation in contractile proteins (neutrophil fxn problem) |
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Definition
| what's the defect/symptoms in lazy leukocyte syndrome? |
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Term
impaired chemotaxis and phagolysosome formation (defect in granule formation-melanocytes)
-autosomal recessive, albinism assoc
-GIANT LYSOSOMAL INCLUSIONS from fused primary granules
-get recurrent infxns and abnormal platelet fxn |
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Definition
| Describe Chediak Higashi syndrome |
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Term
x linked(2/3) or autosomal recessive(1/3)
-deficient in NADPH oxidase, no resp. burst
-most org's (catalase neg) are killed because they make H2O2 which can be made into HOCl
-catalase pos organisms breakdown the H202, so they are not killed
ex: Staph aureus, P cepacia, S marcesans, Nocardia, Aspergillus |
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Definition
| describe pts of chronic granulomatous disease |
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Term
a test that will turn blue if you are normal and have NADOH oxidase, but remains colorless if you lack the enzyme. It measures O2 consumption
-not used much anymore |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| what is NADPH oxidase responsible for that is so important |
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Term
the enzyme myeloperoxidase -> the neutrophil/monocyte cannot make HOCl, but has normal respiratory burst
-no major clinical side effects, unless diabetic get candidiasis
-1:2,000 people, autosomal recessive |
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Definition
| what is deficient in MPO deficiency? |
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Term
-agranulocytosis
-cyclic neutropenia |
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Definition
| list disorders that cause too few neutrophils |
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Term
| Leukocyte adhesion deficiency |
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Definition
| list the immune deficiency caused by failure in adhesion |
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Term
| "lazy" leukocyte syndrome |
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Definition
| list the immune deficiency caused by slow chemotaxis |
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Term
Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
Complement deficiency
Hyper IgM syndrome |
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Definition
| list the immune deficiency caused by failure to phagocytose |
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Term
-chronic granulomatous disesase of childhood
-chediak-higashi syndrome
-myeloperoxidase deficiency |
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Definition
| list the immune deficiency caused by a failure to kill invaders |
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Term
-histamine
-seratonin(5-hydroxytryptamine)
-lysosomal enzymes |
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Definition
| list the PRE-FORMED mediators of inflammation found in secretory granules/stored in cells |
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Term
-prostaglandins
-leukotrienes
-platelet activating factors
-activated oxygen species
-nitric oxide
-cytokines |
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Definition
| list the inflammatory mediators made by cells that are newly synthesized when needed |
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Term
-kinin system(bradykinin)
-coagulation/fibrinolysis system |
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Definition
| what pathways are activated via Factor 12(Hageman factor) that are involved with inflammation? |
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Term
|
Definition
| where does histamine come from again? |
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Term
| histamine & seratonin(5-HT) -> vascular dilation & leakage |
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Definition
| list the first meadiators released right after tissue injury, what do they cause? |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens when mast cells suddenly degranulate throughout the body? |
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Term
| MAC attack! complement assembles and makes the membrane attack complex |
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Definition
| what is the rsult of the complement cascade? |
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Term
| it causes disruption/perforation of cell membranes |
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Definition
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|
Term
1) MAC (C56789)
2) opsonization (C3b)
3) chemotaxis (C5a)
4) vasodilation and increased permeability via histamine release(anaphylotoxins C3a, C5a) |
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Definition
| list 4 functions of complement |
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Term
| C9 shoehorns in to form the channel |
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Definition
| what "shoehorns" in to make the MAC? |
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Term
| Ag-Ab complexes (IgM or IgG bind C1) |
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Definition
| what starts the classic pathway for complement? |
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Term
1) classic pathway
2) lectin pathway (MBL)
3) alternative pathway (C3 binds directly to the microbe) |
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Definition
| list the 3 ways the complement cascade is started |
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Term
|
Definition
| where do the complement pathways converge? |
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Term
| splits C3 into C3a and C3b |
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Definition
| what does C3 convertase do? |
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Term
C3a - C3a, C5a = anaphulotoxins, C5a = chemotaxis
C3b(opsonin) is a phagocyte receptor -> phagocytosis
the rest leades to MAC and cell lysis |
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Definition
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|
Term
arachadonic acid is made with phospholipase then either enters lipooxygenase path -> leukotrienes & lipoxins
OR
COX path to form prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins |
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Definition
| list the phospholipid derrived mediators of inflammation |
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Term
| they block the phospholipases that form arachidonic acids |
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Definition
| how do steriods block inflammation? |
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Term
vasodilation/casoconstriction
-chemotaxis of neutrophils
-bronchospasm |
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Definition
|
|
Term
-vasodilation/constriction
-promote/inhibit platelet aggregation
-pain/fever in inflammation |
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Definition
| what do prostaglandins do? |
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|
Term
promotes THROMBOGENESIS
-its produced by activated platelets
-promotes PLATELET AGGREGATION, VASOCONSTRICTION |
|
Definition
| what does thromboxane A2 (TA2) do? |
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Term
-IMPEDES thrombogenesis
-made by vasc. endothelial cells
-INHIBITS platelet aggregation
-vasoDILATION
(opposite of TA2) |
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Definition
| What does Prostacyclin (PGI2) do? |
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Term
| its PHOSPHOLIPID derrived, made by many cells: platelets, basophils, mast cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells |
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Definition
| what makes platelet activating factor? |
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Term
elicits most of the cardinal signs of inflammation all by itself, much more potent than histamine at low conc.
-vasodilation, increased vasc. permeability, platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction |
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Definition
|
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Term
smooth muscle relaxation - VASODILATION
-inhibits platelet aggregation and leukocyte adhesion |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what compound has a major role in septic shock? |
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Term
|
Definition
| vasoactive peptide carried in the blood in an inactive form as part of the high mol. wt kininongen complex (HMWK) |
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Term
|
Definition
| what cleaves bradykinin from HMWK? |
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Term
circulates as inactive prekallikrien, but is activated by Hageman factor(12)
so when blood clots form, kinins form(bradykinin) |
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Definition
| where does kallikrein come from? |
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Term
VASODILATION
increased vascular permeability
pain |
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Definition
| list the effects of bradykinin |
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Term
| prekallikrein is activated by hageman -> kallikrein, which cleaves bradykinin from HMWK |
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Definition
| list the basic path to bradykinin |
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Term
1) acute phase reactions ->fever, acute phase proteins, hemodynamic effects, neutrophillia
2) endothelial effects: increased adhesion molecules and NO
3) fibroblast effects: fblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, remodeling
4) leukocyte effects: make other cytokines |
|
Definition
| what happens due to IL-1 and TNF? |
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Term
|
Definition
| where are IL1 and TNF from? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sustained production of TNF contributes to ______ |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulate leukocyte movement in inflammation and control the normal migration of cells through tissues |
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Term
| secreted by activated macrophages and endothelial cells in response to microbial products and by other cytokines (TNF-IL-1) anc auses activation of chemotaxis of neutrophils |
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Definition
| what does IL-8 do and where does it come from? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| name the chemokine receptor that is a corecptor for HIV-1 entry into cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
_____ released by the formation of thrombin and fibrin
-chemotactic and increase vascular permeability |
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Term
|
Definition
| as fibrinogen aggregates, the fibrinolytic system is activated and _____ breakes down fibrin filaments, releasing fibrin degradation products that increase permeability and release histamine from mast cells |
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Term
| PAR (protease-activated receptors) |
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Definition
| what does thrombin bind to that triggers pro-inflammatory responses? |
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Term
| platelets, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells |
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Definition
| where are protease activated receptors found? |
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|
Term
1) mobilization of P-selectin
2) production of chemokines, prostaglandins, PAF, nitric oxide
3) expression of endotheial adhesion molecules for leukocyte integrins
4) induction of COX-2 |
|
Definition
binding of thrombin to PAR triggers:
mobilization of ___
production of ___, _____, _____, ___
expression of ___
induction of ___ |
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|
Term
1) kinin -vasoactive kinins
2) clotting -thrombin, fibrinopeptides
3) fibrinolytic - plamin, fibrin degradation pdts
4) complement - anaphylotoxins (C3a, C5a) |
|
Definition
| list the 4 systems activated by Hageman factor |
|
|
Term
1) complete resolution
2) healing by CT replacement(fibrosis)
3) progression to chronic inflammation |
|
Definition
| list the 3 outcomes of acute inflammation: |
|
|
Term
1) persistent infxn(mycobac)
2) prolonged exposure to toxic agents: endogenous(atherosclerosis) or exogenous(silicosis)
3)immune-mediated inflammatory disorders: auto-immune -rheumatoid arthritis, unreg immune response to microbes: IBD, immune response to environment(allergy): bronchial asthma |
|
Definition
| list the general causes of chronic inflammation |
|
|
Term
| mononuclear cells(lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages) |
|
Definition
| what cells are present in chronic inflammation? |
|
|
Term
1) mononuc cell infiltration
2) tissue destruction (due to offending agent or inflamm cells)
3) attempts at healing by CT replacement (angiogenesis & fibrosis) |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 main morphologic features with chronic inflammation? |
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Term
|
Definition
| how do T cells activate macrophages? |
|
|
Term
granulomatous - get epitheliod macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and sometimes fibrosis
granulation is formed in healing tissue by fibroblasts and epithelial cells |
|
Definition
| what is the difference between granulomatous tissue and granulation tissue? |
|
|
Term
| just that langhans had nuclei on the edges instead of the middle |
|
Definition
| whats the difference between a langhans giant cell and a foreign body giant cell? |
|
|
Term
| epitheliod giant cells are activated and granulomatous tissue forms |
|
Definition
what is formed by the following process?
macrophage -> APC ->secrete IL-1, 12 + fever -> activate TH1 -> secrete IL-2 and INF gamma -> MIF secretion |
|
|
Term
| migration ihibitory factor, it keeps inflammatory cells around a granuloma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| it is an intracellular pathogen of macrophages and prevents fusion of phagosome and lysosome |
|
Definition
| how does TB cause granulomas? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what color does TB stain with acid fast? |
|
|
Term
| what preggos get, it is not a granuloma..or pyogenic for that matter |
|
Definition
| what is a pyogenic granuloma? |
|
|
Term
cytokine: TNF, IL-1 released by leukocytes
prostaglandins: from membrane phospholipids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1) leukemoid reaction
2) neutrophilia (left shift
3) lymphocytosis |
|
Definition
| what results from the leukocytosis in peripheral blood in acute inflammation? |
|
|
Term
| cytokines stimulate hepatocytes to synthesize and secrete acute phase proteins which are opsonins: CRP, MBL |
|
Definition
| what is the acute phase response? |
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|
