This is known as an automatic response to cell injury

(from ischemia,immune response,trauma)

What is this called?

-neutralize harmful agents

-remove dead tissue

-initiate repair

prostagladins

 (vasoactive/chemotactic factors)

-Pain

-Heat

-Redness

-Swelling

*Starts w/ tissue damage

-the body releases vasoactive & chemotactic factors, causing..

 Vasodilation (PAIN,HEAT, REDNESS)

also causing...

Increased Permeability & Neutrophil Emigration(SWELLING)

Acute Inflammation

(in detail)

it statrs w/the vascular stage:

*Arterioles & Venules dilate

(increse blood flow,redness, warmth)

*Capillaries become more permeable

(allows exudate to escape,swelling,pain)

*Inflammatory mediators released to prolong the process

-increase in fluid

-increase in hydrostatic pressure

-decrease in colliod osmotic pressure

*Serous = clear/just watery,no protein

*Hemorrhagic = damage to the point where there is blood

*Fibrinous = sticky, moved to the healing phase

*Membranous = pus, usually over mucus membranes

*Purulent = thick/made up of wbc's & tissue debris

This is a Stage of Inflammation where WBC's enter the tissue to:

*destroy infective organisms

*remove damaged cells

*release more inflammatory mediators to control further inflammation & healing

(BEN)

Basophils & mast cells = histamine(allergic reactions)

Eosinophils = parasites

Neutrophils = phagocytes

and

Monocytes--->Macrophages

its talking about the "Bands"

The pt is unable to manufacture enough mature WBC's to keep up, so there is a shift and more bands (immature wbc's) are released into circulation

Chemotaxis = recognizing cytokines released in tissue injury

Margination = express adhesive proteins & attach to the blod vessel lining

Diapedisis = squeeze between cells of the vessels

Chemotaxis = follow the mediators to the injury.

*Histamine, Serotonin

*Platelet activating factor

*Plasma Proteins (coagulation, Complement, Kinins)

*Arachidonic Acid Metabolites (prostaglandin,leukotrienes)

Inflammatory Mediators

creates...

*Nitric oxide = which helps hold the microbe still while it's being engulfed

*Oxygen free radicals = which can increase cytokines,aid neutrophil action,& amplify inflammatory process

*Affects the thermoregulatory center = Fever

*Affects central nervous system = Lethargy

*Skeletal muscle breakdown

*Increased WBC

Increased ESR (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

What is the ESR?

(erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

Acute-Phase Response

Whats the Livers role?

Fibrinogen = facilitates clotting & growth of new tissue

C-reactive protein = bind to pathogens,mark for destruction & moderates inflamm responses

*Puts the brakes on the inflamm process*

**Hypothalmas controls the thermostat**

1.Pyrogens

2) reset the thermostat set point

3. temp raising responses include: vasoconstriction,shivering,piloerection,increased metabolism

1) pyrogens enter the brain

2) raise the "set point"

3) body thinks it's too cold

4) heat production 'chill"

5) shivering/vasoconstriction

1) temp rises to new set point

2) body thinks it's warm enough / fever

3) begins to lower temp

4) sweating/vasodilation "flush"

-infection

-autoimmune process

-foreign body

*Stage 1 (Inflammation) = capillary dilation,fluid exudate,neutrophil migration)

*Stage 2 (Suppuration) = develop purulent exudate

*Stage 3 (Abcess formation) = walling off the area of purulent (pus) exudate to form an abscess

Part of the Inflammatory process is Tissue Repair

name the main components

-Angiogenesis

-sprouting new capillaries

-bright red granulated appearance (which is good!)

In Tissue Repair (Fibrogenesis)

what do activated fibroblasts produce??

*Fibronectin & Hyaluronic acid (initial decomp on wound)

*Proteoglycans (pull fluid in the area)

*Collagen (provides protein for healing)

1) Inflammatory Phase

2) Proliferative Phase 

3) Contraction Remodeling