Term
| Chain of infection transmission |
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Definition
o Reservoir
§ Human, insect, animal, soil
o Portal of exit
§ Nasal mucosa, oral mucosa
o Mode of transmission
§ Insect bite, droplet, semen
o Portal of entry
§ Nasal/oral mucosa, puncture, absorption
o Susceptible victim
§ Malnurioused, unimmunized, immuno comprimised |
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Term
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Definition
o transmission of disease with direct contact between reservoirs |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of disease through inanimate object or fomite (table surface) |
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Term
| Principles of infection control |
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Definition
o Destroying reservoir:
§ Mosquito eradication
§ Garbage disposal
§ Sewage treatment
o Blocking portal of exit:
§ Gloves
§ Mask
§ Condom
§ isolation
o Blocking mode of transmission:
§ Cooking foods
§ BSI
§ Sterile technique
§ Hand washing
o Blocking portal of entry:
§ Mask
§ Gloves
§ Condom
o Reducing susceptible victim:
§ Optimal nutrition
§ Optimal rest
§ Vaccination |
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Term
| Epithelial barriers: How invasion is prevented? |
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Definition
o Multilayer of skin
o Dry environment does not aid in bacterial growth
o Sloughing (shedding) of skin
o Skin has higher fat content that prevents microbial growth |
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Term
| pH of skin, characteristics of saliva, mucous (anti invasion principles) |
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Definition
o pH of skin is acidic inhibiting growth
o Mucous/saliva/tears/sweat contain a bactericidal enzyme
o Sebaceous glands of skin secretions are anti-fungal |
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Term
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Definition
o If a higher % of population is immune the chances of non-immune individuals are low |
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Term
| Host-microbial balance: when does imbalance occur? |
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Definition
o Host and normal microbes work together or are tolerant of each other, if there is compromise in host’s system then microbes can become opportunistic |
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Term
| What facilitates microbial adherence? |
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Definition
o The abitlity of a microorganism to gain entrance and penetrate host
§ Direct penetration
§ Sticks to skin surface
§ Slime layer (glycocalyx) aids adherence
§ Adhesion molecules |
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Term
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Definition
§ aid in spread or invasion of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
§ Prevents opsonization by antibodies
· Opsonization = binding and recognition
§ Prevents phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
§ Allows organism to survive under harsh conditions
§ Like laying an egg
§ Protects DNA and cytoplasm
§ Strictly gram+ bacteria
§ Reactivates when conditions are again favorable for growth |
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Term
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Definition
§ Structural characteristic of bacteria that allows for movement
§ Usually drawn towards sugar and amino acid environments |
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Term
| Principles of antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
o Caused by over prescription of antibiotics and pt not taking the full prescribed dose
o Allows for low-dose resistance
o Resistant form may be transferred to another person
o Major threat to successful management of bacterial infections |
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Term
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Definition
§ Gram positive bacteria
§ Polypeptides produced and released by organism
§ Antigenic, toxic, unstable when exposed to heat
§ Binds to receptors in target organs, interferes with metabolic activities
§ Example: Tetanus |
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Term
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Definition
§ Gram negative bacteria
§ Immunogenic part of lipopolysaccharide bacterial cell wall that triggers a massive immune response when bacterium lyses
§ Immune response lease to cell shock and multiple organ failure
§ Example: enterobacteria |
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Term
| Physical characteristics of bacteria |
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Definition
o Single-celled organisms that have no internal organelles
o Prokaryotes (no nucleus)
§ Has DNA in one chromosome; “nucleoid” center
o Rigid peptidoglycan cell wall prevents osmotic lysis
o Degrade and break down dead tissue for other organisms |
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Term
| Gram+: stain reaction, structure, toxin formed |
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Definition
§ Stain reaction: appear dark purple under miscroscope
§ Thick, multi-layer cell walls with teichoic acids
§ Exotoxin forming |
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Term
| Gram-: stain reaction, structure, toxin |
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Definition
§ Stain reaction: don’t retain crystal violet dye, appear pink
§ Lipid walls (lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides)
§ Endotoxin forming |
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Term
| Characteristics of Retroviruses |
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Definition
o Contains encoding information for reverse transcriptase enzyme to create mRNA and DNA from own genome
o DNA replicates when host cell replicates
o Example: HIV |
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Term
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Definition
| Inanimate object that can cause indirect infection transmission (i.e. table surface |
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Term
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Definition
o Antimicrobial protein found mainly in mucous (also found in other secretions of the body; milk, tears, sweat) binds to invading microbe and forces it to undergo lysis |
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Term
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Definition
o Harmless inhabitation of the skin or mucous membranes by microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
o Ability to cause disease
o Microorganism consistently causes disease in all infected hosts
o Interaction between host/pathogen harms host |
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Term
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Definition
o An enzyme that allows retroviruses to crate both mRNA and DNA from their own genome. The viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell’s DNA and is replicated during host cell replication |
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