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Infectious Disease
Study guide
69
Pharmacology
Professional
03/09/2013

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Term
Defense again infective organisms
Definition
1-/ Scavenger cells such as neutropils arrive early at the site of infection but survive only a few days.
2-/ The complement system circulating proteins attach the microbial invaders, leading to their destruction.
3-/ Macrophages engulf foreign matter and signal other immune cell to attach invaders.
4-/ Macrophage display antigens from ingested invaders, which activate helper T cells.
5-/ Helper T cells multiply and activate B cells and macrophages.
6-/ B cells divided and form plasma cells which produce antibodies.
7-/ Antibodies bind to invaders, either destroying them or making them more vulnerable to macrophages
8-/ Killer T cells form and destroy foreign invaders.
9-/ Regulatory T cells slow or stop the immune response once the foreign invader is defeated.
10-/ Some B and T cell becomes memory cells which can quickly mount a defense if the same invader attach again.
Term
Sentinel Cells:
Definition
Macrophages, Mast cells, Neutrophils, Dendritic cells
Term
Characteristics of Innate Immune Response
Definition
• Immediately available
•No selection
•No memory
•Response to common structureson invading organisms: PAMPs
• PRRs
Term
Characteristics of Adaptive immune Response
Definition
•T and B lymphocytes
•Antigen recognition
•Clonal selection of Ab-producing B cells
•4-7 days for full reponse
Term
Defense against bacterial infection—
Definition
Pathogen Recognition, Antibody Recognition, Opsonization, Complement Activation, Engulfment
Term
Bacterium Opsonization is done by:
Definition
IgG and C3b
Term
PAMPs
Definition
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Paterns
Term
PRRs
Definition
Pattern recogn.Receptors
Term
PAMPs by:
Definition
Pattern recogn.Receptors [PRRs], leading to adherence
Term
Soluble PRRs:
Definition
Function is to Tag bacteria
Term
Membrane PRRs:
Definition
Two types, Toll-Like Receptors [TLRs]) and Dectins
Term
TLRs recognize
Definition
lipids and lipoproteins on gram negative (LPS) and gram positive bacteria (Lipoteichoic acid), and viral/microbial RNA or DNA.
Term
Dectins recognize
Definition
carbohydrates on fungi.
Term
Intracellular PRRs:
Definition
RLRs and NLRs
Term
Intracellular PRRs: RLRs and NLRs recognize
Definition
oligonucleotides of viral
pathogens as well as stress signals—Damage-associated molecular patterns(DAMPS)
Term
TLRs activate
Definition
-T-helper immune response and antibody production
-activate secretion of Mannose Binding Lectins (MBLs) (opsonins)
Term
Innate immune responses can activate adaptive immune responses
Definition
Breakdown of bacteria in phagosomes releases peptides that are used forantibody production through the Major Histocompatibility Complex II
(MHCII)
Term
TLRs 3, 7, 8 and 9 recognize
Definition
oligonucleotides of
viruses/bacteria, are located in endosomes, and initiate
IFN-α response
Term
Bacterial Virulence and Infectivity :
Definition
Bacteria must have iron to multiply
– Siderophores (iron receptors)
Presence of polysaccharide capsules
Suppression of complement activation
Bacterial proliferation rates can surpass protective response
Term
Acute inflammatory response to infection
Definition
—presentation of PAMPs to PRRs.Eradication of the pathogen
Reversible collateral tissue damage
Resolution/repair phase
Restoration of normal tissue homeostasis.
Term
Chronic inflammatory disease
Definition
Nonimmune pathophysiologic process
Production of damage-associated molecularpatterns (DAMPs).
Amplification by cytokines and chemokines. Non-resolving inflammation
Tissue damage
The inflammatory response –More DAMPS
Positive feedback loop.
Term
Tissue responses to invading organisms:
Definition
Vasodilation, Vascular
Leakiness, and Exudation
Term
Kinin system
Definition
-Functions to activate and assist inflammatory cells
-Causes dilation of blood vessels, pain, smooth muscle contraction, vascularpermeability, and leukocyte chemotaxis
Term
Primary kinin is
Definition
bradykinin (Factor XII+connective tiss enzymes—Kallikreinformation—Kininogen to Kinin )
Term
chemotaxis
Definition
Movement o motile cells or organism or part of one.
Term
Complement C5a and C3a cause
Definition
chemotaxis
Term
Mast cells release
Definition
Histamine, cytokines TNFα, IL’s, Leukotrienes, Plateletactivating factor, prostaglandins
Term
Exudate substance:
Definition
Mass of cells or substance that has speeded out of blood vessel or an organ.
Term
Serous exudate –Watery exudate:
Definition
indicates early inflammation
Term
Fibrinous exudate –Thick, clotted exudate
Definition
indicates more advanced inflammation
Term
Purulent exudate – Pus:
Definition
indicates a bacterial infection— Leukocyte emigration
Term
Hemorrhagic exudate – Exudate contains blood
Definition
indicates bleeding through damaged vascular wall
Term
Coagulation (clotting) system:
Definition
-Forms a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site
-Prevents the spread of infection
-Keeps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of greatest --inflammatory cell activity
-Forms a clot that stops bleeding
-Provides a framework for repair and healing
-Main substance is fibrin
Term
Chronic Inflammation
Definition
-Inflammation lasting 2 weeks or longer
-Often related to an unsuccessful acute inflammatory response
Term
Other causes of chronic inflammation
Definition
-High lipid and wax content of a microorganism
-Ability to survive inside the macrophage
-Toxins
-Chemicals, particulate matter, or physical irritants
Term
Characteristics of Chronic Inflammation
Definition
Dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages
Granuloma formation
Epithelioid cell formation
Giant cell formation
Term
Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation - Fever
Definition
-Caused by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens
-Act directly on the hypothalamus
Term
Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation-Leukocytosis
Definition
Increased numbers of circulating leukocytes
Term
Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation-Increased plasma protein synthesis
•Acute-phase reactants
Definition
C-reactive protein, fibrinogen,
haptoglobin, amyloid, ceruloplasmin,etc.
Term
Bacteremia or Septicemia
Definition
– Presence of bacteria in the blood due to a failure of the
body’s defense mechanisms
– Characteristic of gram-negative bacteria
– Toxins released in the blood cause the release of vasoactive peptides and cytokines that produce widespread
vasodilation
Term
Exotoxins
Definition
Enzymes released during growth causing specific responses (Choleratoxin, Botulinum toxin, Hemolysis, Diphtheria toxin, Pertussis toxin
-Immunogenic
-Antitoxin production
Term
Endotoxins
Definition
Lipopolysaccharides contained in the cell walls of gram-negative organisms
Pyrogenic effects
Term
Anaphylatoxins Strong chemotactic factors are:
Definition
C3a and C5a
Term
Countermeasures for chronic, refractory wounds and infections—diabetic wounds
Definition
Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy
Term
Drug Therapy Countermeasures-Antimicrobials
Definition
-Inhibit synthesis of cell wall
– Damage cytoplasmic membrane
– Alter metabolism of nucleic acids
– Inhibit protein synthesis
– Modify energy metabolism
Term
Fungal Infection and Injury
Definition
-Large microorganisms with thick cell walls
-Eukaryotes
-Exist as single-celled yeasts, multi-cellular molds, or both Pathogenicity
-Adapt to host environment
-Wide temperature variations, digest keratin, low
oxygen
-Suppress the immune defenses
Term
Mycoses:
Definition
Diseases caused by fungi
Superficial, deep, or opportunistic
Term
Dermatophytes:
Definition
-The diseases they produce are called tineas (ringworm)
Tinea capitis, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris
Term
Deep fungal infections
Definition
life threatening and commonly opportunistic
Term
Prions
Definition
—Infective Proteins; Transmissible neurodegenerative diseases
PrPsc and PdPc;
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease;
BSE—bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)
Term
Chlamydia
Definition
slightly larger than virus; intracellular infection;
capsule; contain RNA and DNA same as bacteria; prokaryotes; no need forintermediate host
Term
Rickettsia
Definition
similar to chlamydia except for need for intermediatehost, e.g., ticks
Term
Mycoplasma
Definition
prokaryotes; independently replicating; no peptidoglycan cell wall
Term
Spirochetes
Definition
prokaryotes; similar to gram negative bacteria
Term
Gram- Positive Bacteria Cell Wall Structure and Variation
Definition
-The cell wall is composed of thick layer of murein through which antibiotics , nutrients and was products can diffuse.
-It has lipoteichoic acid in the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane.
-The hydrophilic molecules side chains of this molecules are involved in bacteria adherence, feeding and evasion of the host immune system.
Term
Gram Negative Cell Wall Structure and Variation
Definition
-It has thinner murein layer, and it is surrounded by a second, outer lipid bilayer membrane.
-Hydrophilic molecules cross this outer membrane through channels of pore proteins (porins)
-It has LPS in the outer membrane, and LPS is a major antigen for the immune response to gram negative organism.
Term
Mycobacteria Cell Wall Structure and Variation
Definition
-It has the causative agent of tuberculosis and Leprosy.
-It is analogous to Gram Negative bacteria.
-The main differences between mycobacteria and Gram Negative bacteria is that in Mycobacteria, the two leaflets of the outer membrane are asymmetric in size and composition.
-The inner leaflet of the outer membrane is composed of arabinogalactant and mycolic acids, whereas the outer leaflet is composed of extractable phospholipids.
Term
Bacteria reproduce asexually by celldivision; they exchange DNA
through the process of :
Definition
Conjugaison.
Term
―Sexual‖ RecombinationF+ to F- bacteria is called:
Definition
Protoplasmic Bridge
Term
Bacteria harbor circular DNA
structures that independently
replicate and can be passed to other cells; these are called:
Definition
Plasmids
Term
partial DNA transfer
through bacterial transduction by
Definition
viral phages
Term
Infant botulism results from :
Definition
the absorption of heat-labile neurotoxin produced in situ by ingested Clostridium botulinum
Term
Clinical manifestations of infant botulism are owing to:
Definition
progressive neuromuscular blockade, initially of muscles innervated by cranial nerves and later of the trunk, extremities and diaphragm
Term
Clostridium botulinum is an age-limited neuromuscular disease that is distinct from classic botulism in that the
toxin is :
Definition
elaborated by the organism in the infant’s intestinal lumen and is then absorbed.
Term
The most potent neurotoxin known is:
Definition
Botulinal toxin
Term
Infant botulism results from :
Definition
the in vivo production of toxin by Clostridium botulinum after it hascolonized the infant's gut.
Term
The known ubiquitous distribution of C. botulinum is
Definition
exposure to its spores .
Term
Stages of Infection In tems of the infective organism
Definition
Colonization
Invasion
Multiplication
Spread
Term
Stages of Infection In terms of the disease state:
Definition
Infection initiation—Incubation period
Prodromal
Acute
Convalescent

Resolution
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