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infections, diseaes, and immuntiy
second test
66
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
03/24/2010

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the three types of symbosis?
Definition
Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism
Term
Name the extracellular enzymes
Definition

a)Hyaluronides-digests hyaluronic acid to go btween cell

b)collegenase-brakes down collagen

c)coagulase-coagulates blood protein to hide

d)kinases-digests blood clots to get out

e)phospholipases-digests cell membranes to make room for more cells

Term
Name the types of toxins pathogens secrete
Definition

1.Exotoxins- Secreted by the organism

2.Cytotoxins- Kill cells or interfere with cellular metabo

3.Neurotoxins=interfere with nerve cell function

4.Enterotoxins-affect the cells of the G.I. tract

5.Endotoxins-from th gram negative bacteria

released during bacterial cell death

Term
What are the five stages of infection?
Definition

A. incubation period-the time between initial infection and the occurance of first symptoms

B.prodromal period-time period with mild symptoms

C.illness- Most severe stage

D.Decline- Body is returning to normal

E.Convalescences-The patient is recovered

Term
What are the three types of transmission of infectious disease?
Definition

A.Contact Transmission-direct (person to person) indirect (fomites and droplet)

B.Vehicle Transmission-Airborne (greater than 1meter),

Waterborne Transmission(fecal oral,through skin),Foodborne transmission

C.Vector transmission-Biological vectors, Insects and Arachnids

 

Term
What are the classifications of infectious disease?
Definition

A.Acute disease-develops rapidly lasts a short time

B.Chronic-developes slowly nd has less sev. symptoms

C.Subacute Diseases-are in between chronic and acute

D.Latent Disease-pathogen remains inactive for a long period

E.Communicable disease-when disease comes from another infected host directly or indirectly

F.Contagious disease-communicable disease that is spread easilly

G.Noncommunicable-disease-does not come from a host 

 

Term
Name the three Granulocytes
Definition

A.Neutrophil- a phagocyte most numerous

B.Basophil- to fight worm infestations,main cause of allergies least numerous

C.Eosinophils-Phagocyte

Term
What are the three tpes of agranulocytes ?
Definition

1.Lympocytes-mostly specific imm. except natural killer cells (Nk cells look for cells that no longer prod M.H.C.

2.Monocyte/Macrophages  (monocyte in blood Mac in tissue) Are phagocytes and apc(antigenpresentingcells)

3.Dendritic Cells-Most efficient APC, Best phagocytes

 

Term
What are the five steps of Phagocytosis?
Definition

A) Chemotaxis-movement because ofchemical stimulus

B)Adherence- Bind thru complementary proteins with the aid of opsonines

C)Ingestion- Form phagosome by surounding pathogen

D)Digestion- Phagosome fuses with lysosome becomes pagolysosomes after digestion it is a residual body

E)Elimination-Exocytosis (some put on MHC)

 

Term
What are cytokines?
Definition
Small prroteins, used in cell to cell communication,served as a chemical messenger
Term
What are intererons and where do they come from?
Definition
Interferons are small proteins to fight viral infection.  Three types alpha, omega, and gamma.  Alpha secreted by monocytes macs and some lymphocytes.  Beta secreed by fibroblasts.  Gamma by Tcells and NK cells.  secreted after cell is infected with virus triggers production of antiviral proteins in other cells, Gamma interferon stimulates the activation of macs and neutrophils
Term
What are defenins?
Definition
Small peptides that punch holes in the paths. membrane is secreted by macrophages
Term
what are the required elements of aquired immunity?
Definition

A. Antigens

B. The lympatic system

C. cells

D. Tissues

E. Organs

Term
What are the best kind of antigens?
Definition
Large complex proteins and glycoproteins
Term
What are the three typs of antigens
Definition

1. Exogenous Ag- found outside the path. targetted by antibodies made by B cells

2.Endogenous Ag- are inside of our cells targeted by Tc cells

3.Autoantigens- your own antigens bad thing if these are being targeted

Term
What is the purpouse of the thymus?
Definition
To test Tcells to make sure they function properly
Term
What is the steps to maturing a Tcell?
Definition
They enter cortex of thymus, tested by stromal and nurse cells mst be able to recognize self MHC1 or MHC2, if not apoptosis (killed)if they pass they move to medulla where they are tested by Dendritic cells and macs to make sure they dont bond to self antigens if do apoptosis, next they are tested to make sure they dont bond to tightly to MHC if pass all tests go on to secondary lymph organs
Term
What is the spleen primarily composed of?
Definition
50% Bcells 30-40% T lymphocytes
Term
What is MHC1 or MHC2
Definition
Antigen presenting cells
Term
Where is MHC1 found Where is MHC2 found
Definition
MHC1 is found in all nucleated cells, MHC2 is found in macrophage/monocytes, dentritic cells, and B lymphocytes
Term
What does MHC1 do?
Definition
Presents the epitopes determinates from endogenous antigens
Term
What does MHC2 do?
Definition
The APC eats the pathogen fragments of the pathogen are deposited on the surface of the APC on the MHC2 it presents to the TH cells
Term
What are the two types of T cells?
Definition

TH cells

TH1- these activate Tc cells and macs (cell mediated)

TH2- activate Bcells (humoral)

Tc cells- bind to cells with MHC1 and path. epitopes and kill them

Term
What do B cells do?
Definition
Activated by Th2 cells turn into big plasma cells and produce antibodies, also can be antigen presenting cells
Term
What are the two types of T lymphocytes?
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
Term
What are the coreceptors for the two types of T cells?
Definition
CD4 for TH cells and CD8 for TC cells
Term
What type of MHC does TH cells interact with?
Definition
MHC 2
Term
What are the two types of TH cells?
Definition
TH1 and TH2
Term
What does a TH1 do?
Definition
release IL-2 and gamma interferon, and cell mediated response
Term
What does TH2 do?
Definition
release IL-4 and IL-10, and stimulate B cell response
Term
What MHC does TC cells interact with?
Definition
MHC1
Term
How do TC cells kill infected cells?
Definition
Attach to MHC1 then they release perforins which make a hole in the membrane,then release granzymes which enters cell and causes apoptosis, The cd95 on both cells join and also causes apoptosis
Term
What cell activates B Cells?
Definition
TH2 cells
Term
What does TH2 cells release to activate B cells?
Definition
IL-4 and IL-10
Term
What does TH1 release to activate TC cells?
Definition
IL-2 and gamma interferon
Term
What is the first antibody released by the B cell?
Definition
IgM
Term
Name the five different kinds of antibody
Definition
IgM,IgG,IgD,IgE,and IgA
Term
What are the four functions of antibody's
Definition
Agglutination,Neutralization,Opsonization, and Activation of complement
Term
What is it when an antibody is taking part in agglutination?
Definition
It binds the small pathogens into a lage enough bunch for phagocytosis
Term
What is it when an antibody is participating in neutralization?
Definition
Antibodies bind to virus receptor sites so that the viru cannot bind to a healthy cell
Term
What is it when an antibody is part of opsonization?
Definition
The antibody helps the pathogen bind to the phagocyte
Term
What shape is the antibody IgM? what are its functions?
Definition
It is a pentamer and it takes part in Activation of complement, Agglutination, and Neutralization
Term
What about IgMs shape inhibits it?
Definition
It is too large to enter tissue or cross placenta
Term
What shape is IgG? and what are its functions?
Definition
The most commen antibody It is a monomer and it takes part in Agglutination, Neutralization, and activation of complement
Term
What shape is IgA? and what is its functions?
Definition
It is a dimer and it takes part in Agglutination, and Neutralization
Term
Where is IgA found?
Definition
In secretions such as milk and mucus membranes
Term
What shape is IgE and what are ifts functions?
Definition
It is a monomer and it releases histamine,and binds to basophils to fight parasitic worms, partly causes allergies
Term
What is the shape of IgD cells and what are its functions?
Definition
No one knows
Term
What are the four primary immunodeficiency diseases?
Definition
1.Chronic Granulomatous Diseases
2.SCID
3.Di George Anomaly
4.Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia
Term
What is the symptoms of Chronic Granulomatous disease?
Definition
Neutophils are defective, do not digest bacteria, fill up with bacteria and form granulomas
Term
What are the symptoms of SCID?
Definition
No B-cells and no T-cells
Term
What are the symptoms of Di George Anomaly?
Definition
The thymus does not develop so tcells dont develop remain resistant to bacterial diseases, cure with thymic stem cell transplant
Term
What are the symptoms of Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia?
Definition
 No antibodies Cannot make immunoglobulins, get recurant bacterial infections, resistant to viru, fungal and protozoa infections
Term
What is allergies ?
Definition
Type 1 immediate hypersensitivity
Term
which antibodies cause allergies?
Definition
IgE
Term
What are the two steps of type 1 hypersensitivty?
Definition
Sensitization,and Degranulation
Term
What are the chemicals inolved in type 1 hypersensitivity?
Definition

a)histamine

b)kinins

c)proteases

d)Leukotrines

e)prostaglandins

Term
How do you diagnose type one hypersensitiity?
Definition
skin test
Term
What are the treatments for type 1 hypersensitivity?
Definition

a)Antihistamines

b)Corticoid steroids

c)Epinephrine

d)Allergy Shots

Term
Wat are the two types of Type 2 hypersensitivity?
Definition

1. Transfuion Reaction

2. The RH system

Term
What is type3 Hypersensitivity?
Definition
When the ag and the ab come together and get stuck in tissue and attract mast cells and neutrophils,which causes degranulation and leads to inflamation and tissue damage
Term
What does of type3 hypersensitivity cause?
Definition

1. Hypersensitivity pneumonia

2.Glomerulonephritis

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