Term
| Difference between the concentration of drug needed for concentration-dependent vs. time-dependent antimicrobials |
|
Definition
Concentration dependent- conc. needs to be WELL above MIC
Time dependent- conc. needs to be above (about 4xs) the MIC
|
|
|
Term
| Aminoglycosides are ___ dependent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aminoglycosides have activity against ___ and ___ |
|
Definition
| Psuedomonas and other gram- bacteria |
|
|
Term
| 4 potential toxicities associated with Aminoglycosides |
|
Definition
| nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, teratogen, and neuromuscular blockade |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of Aminoglycosides |
|
Definition
Six-membered ring
with amino group substituents -aminocyclitol |
|
|
Term
| Give the MOA for Aminoglycosides |
|
Definition
| They bind the 30S ribosome of bacteria and cause misreading of mRNA |
|
|
Term
| What kind of environments reduce the activity of Aminoglycosides? (2) |
|
Definition
| acidic or anaerobic environment |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 parts of the energy dependent phase of Aminoglycoside action? |
|
Definition
initial slow energy-dependent phase (EDP- I)
+
Rapid energy-dependent phase (EDP-II)
(bacterial killing occurs between these 2 phases) |
|
|
Term
| 2 methods by which bacteria have resistance to Aminoglycosides |
|
Definition
Reduced entry/increased efflux
or
enzymatic modificaiton |
|
|
Term
| Which antibiotic tends to have a post-antibiotic effect (persistent suppression of bacterial growth)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How aminoglycosides are administered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where nephrotoxicity can occur in aminoglycoside use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe ototoxicity in aminoglycoside use |
|
Definition
| Irreversible high frequency hearing loss |
|
|
Term
Describe neuromuscular paralysis in aminoglycoside use
- when
- how (2 ways)
- how to fix |
|
Definition
Can occur when there's a rapid rise in drug concentration
Inhibits pre-synaptic release of acetylcholine
Blocks post-synaptic receptor
Reversible with calcium gluconate |
|
|
Term
| What Spectinomycin is used for and its MOA |
|
Definition
For Gonorrhea where you can't use penicillins
30S ribosome, protein synthesis inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| What drug class has a Hydronaphthacene nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MOA of Tetracyclines (against bacteria) |
|
Definition
| bind the 30S ribosome and block tRNA binding (so prevent elongation) |
|
|
Term
| Tetracyclines are effective against ___ |
|
Definition
Nearly everything
CAN WORK INTRACELLULAR (Broad spectrum -gram positive, gram negative, aerobes/anaerobes, spirochetes, mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia) |
|
|
Term
| Tetracycline and oxytetracycline are ___ acting tetracyclines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Demeclocycline is a ___ acting tetracyclines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Doxycycline and Minocycline are ___ acting tetracyclines |
|
Definition
| Long acting (up to 24 hr) |
|
|
Term
| List the possible toxicities of Tetracyclines (9, with 4 main ones) |
|
Definition
- Rash/photosensitivity
- poor bone growth
- discolor teeth
- not for pregnancy
- esophageal ulcers
- superinfection
- fatty liver/necrosis
- azotemia
- benign intercranial hypertension |
|
|
Term
| A specific toxicity that can be caused by demeclocycline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give a specific toxicity that can be caused by taking IV chlortetracycline in pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name a toxicity that Minocycline can cause |
|
Definition
| Benign intercranial hypertension w/ vertigo |
|
|
Term
| What drugs tetracyclines interact with (2) |
|
Definition
Food, minerals, antacids
+
Anticonvulsants (make tetracycline less effective) |
|
|
Term
| 6 examples of diseases to use Tetracyclines in |
|
Definition
Community acquired pneumonia & Atypical pneumonia
Genital Chlamidya, PID
MRSA
Leptospirosis
Malaria
Syphilis |
|
|
Term
| Glycylcycline is active against ___ (4) |
|
Definition
– Most Enterobacteriaceae
– Bacteroides
– Staphylococcus aureus
- Streps |
|
|
Term
Give the MOA of Glycylcycline
+
Where it doesn't go to in the body |
|
Definition
Binds the 30S ribosome subunit of bacteria, blocking tRNA
stays out of blood, can't use for bacteremia |
|
|
Term
| 4 diseases that Glycylcycline is approved for (assuming penicillin cannot be used) |
|
Definition
| Complicated skin, skin structure, or intra-abdominal infection, or community acquired pneumonia |
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