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Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense
Chapter 7 pathophysiology LCC
32
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
02/01/2016

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Term
Factors influencing infection by a pathogen
Definition
Communicability
Immunogenicity
Infectivity
Mechanism of action
Pathogenicity
Portal of entry
Toxigenicity
Virulence
Term
Communicability
Definition
ability to spread from one individual to others
Term
Immunogenicity
Definition
ability of pathogens to induce an immune response
Term
Infectivity
Definition
ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host
Term
Mechanism of action
Definition
manner in which the microorganism damages the tissue
Term
Pathogenicity
Definition
ability of an agent to produce disease
Term
Portal of entry
Definition
- route by which a pathogenic microorganism infects the host: direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, or bites from animal or insect
Term
Toxigenicity
Definition
- ability to produce soluble toxins or endotoxins, factors that greatly influence the pathogen’s degree of virulence
Term
Virulence
Definition
capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease
Term
antigenic drift
Definition
change of appearance by altering surface antigens (influenza virus mutates key surface antigen H and N allowing emergence of new strains of virus)
Term
antigenic shifts
Definition
major changes in antigenicity that occur from recombination of genes for H and N among different strains of viruses and can result in pandemics.
Term
bacterial infections
Definition
Term
viral infections
Definition
Term
fungal infections
Definition
Term
attenuated vaccine
Definition
a vaccine prepared from live microorganisms or viruses cultured under adverse conditions, leading to loss of their virulence but retention of their ability to induce protective immunity
Term
inactivated vaccine
Definition
An inactivated vaccine (or killed vaccine) consists of virus particles which are grown in culture and then killed using a method such as heat or formaldehyde. These viruses are grown under controlled conditions and are rendered non-infectious as a means to reduce antigenicity. Large doses, adjuvants, and multiple doses are required to confer immunity.
Term
live vaccine
Definition
vaccine prepared from living, attenuated organisms. A weakened or killed vaccine containing a virus that will be injected into the host. This triggers an active immune response for a particular antibody which will be memorized by t-cells for future reference.
Term
vaccine risks
Definition
Term
how bacterial resistance to antibiotic occur.
Definition
Lack of compliance concerning the necessity of completing the therapeutic regimen with antibiotics allows the selective resurgence of microorganisms that are more relatively resistant to the antibiotic.
Term
Primary (congenital) Immune Deficiency
Definition
most are the result of a single gene defect. Generally the mutations are sporadic and not inherited. The sporadic mutations occur before birth, but the onset of symptoms may be early or later, depending on the particular syndrome.
*B lymphocyte deficiencies *T lymphocyte deficiencies *Combined T an B cell deficiencies * complement defects * phagocyte defects
Term
Secondary (Acquired) Immune Deficiency
Definition
usually result in recurrent infections with the same group of microorganisms (encapsulated bacteria) associated with antibody and complement deficiencies.
Term
HIV pathogenesis
Definition
is a member of the retrovirus. use a viral enzyme, reverse transcriptase, to convert RNA into double-stranded DNA. Using a second viral enzyme, an integrase, the new DNA is inserted into the infected cell's genetic material, where it may remain dormant. If the cell is activated, translation of the viral information may be initiated, resulting in the formation of new virons, lysis and death of the infected cell, and shetting of infections HIV particles. During that process the viral protease is essential in processing proteins needed from the viral internal structure.
Term
HIV clinical manifestations
Definition
serologically negative, serologically positive but asymptomatic. (uses a western blot analysis). Atypical or opportunistic infections present.
Term
AIDS diagnosis
Definition
CD4+T cells number decrease to less than 200/mm^3
Term
Treatment of AIDS
Definition
HAART- highly active antiretroviral therapy. it reverses transcriptase inhibitors and are protease inhibitors.
Term
allergy
Definition
deleterious effects of hypersensitivity to environmental (exogenous) antigens.
Term
autoimmunity
Definition
disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens (lupus, MS)
Term
alloimmunity (isoimmunity)
Definition
immune reaction to tissues of another individual (rejection of transplant)
Term
Type I: IgE mediated
Definition
against environmental antigens (allergens), IgE binds to Fc receptors on surface of mast cells (cytotropic antibody)- "sensitized",
*itching/urticarial/conjunctivitis/ rhinitis/hypotension/bronchospasm/ dysrhythmias/GI cramps/malabsorption
Term
Type II: Tissue-specific reactions
Definition
specific cell or tissue is the target of an immune response. 1.cell is destroyed by antibodies and complement 2.cell destruction through phagocytosis 3.soluble antigen may enter the circulations and deposit on tissues; tissues destroyed by complement and neutrophil granules 4. antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) 5. Causes target cell malfunction. EXAMPLE-GRAVES
Term
Type III: immune complex mediated
Definition
Term
Type IV: cell mediated
Definition
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