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Definition
Nature- inborn, biological givens, based on genetic inheritance
Nurture-physical and social world that influences biological and psychological development |
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Definition
| Change is possible, based on experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
Natural Selection- Species have characteristics that are adapted (or fit) to their environments.
Survival of the Fittest-Individuals best adapted to their environments survive to reproduce. Their genes are passed to later generations. |
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Term
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Definition
Researchers use unbiased procedure to assign participants to treatment conditions
Increases chances that characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups |
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Definition
changed or manipulated by experimenter
expected to cause changes in another variable |
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Term
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Definition
measured, but not manipulated, by experimenter
expected to be influenced by the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcers and punishments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Overall plan for study
permits the best test of research question |
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Definition
| store and transmit genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
23rd pair of chromosomes
determines sex
XX = female, XY = male |
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Term
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Definition
Helps couples:
- assess chances of hereditary disorders
- choose best course of action
Recommended when:
- couple has had difficulties
- aware of genetic problems
- woman is over 35
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Term
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Definition
13% in United States
- Parents under age 25 with young children
- Elderly living alone, especially women
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Children
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Term
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Definition
| The age at which the fetus can first survive if born early. Occurs sometime between 22–26 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
- A rating used to assess the newborn babys physical condition immediately after birth.
- Appearance
- Pulse
- Grimace
- Activity
- Respiration
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Term
Left Hemisphere of Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
- sensory information and control of right side of body
- verbal abilities
- positive emotion
- sequential, analytical processing
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Term
| Right Hemisphere of Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
- sensory information and control of left side of body
- spatial abilities
- negative emotion
- holistic, integrative processing
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Term
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Definition
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Types
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Consequences
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- physical symptoms, learning problems
- growth issues and weight problems
- growth and learning problems
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Term
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Definition
- Newborns have the ability to imitate.
- reflex or voluntary capacity?
- Mirror neurons offer biological explanation.
- Powerful means of learning
- Helps facilitate positive relationships
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Term
Motor development during infancy and toddlerhood |
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Definition
- crawling, standing, and walking
- Sequence is fairly uniform, though individual rate of motor progress differs.
- Newborn- prereaching
- 3-4 months-reaching with ulnar grasp
- 4-5 months-transfer object from hand to hand
- 9 months- pincer grasp
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Term
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Definition
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3–4 weeks
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- sensitivity to motion cues
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2–3 months
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- sensitivity to binocular cues
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6–7 months
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- sensitivity to pictorial cues
- wariness of heights
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Term
Milestones in
Pattern Perception
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Definition
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1 month
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- poor contrast sensitivity; prefer single, large simple patterns with high contrast
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2–3
months
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- can detect detail in complex patterns
- scan internal features of patterns
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4
months
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- can detect patterns even if boundaries are not really present
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12
months
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- can detect objects even if two-thirds of drawing is missing
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Term
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Definition
Infants:
- search for invariant features of the environment
- note stable relationships between features
- visual patterns, intermodal relationships
- gradually detect finer and finer features
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Term
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Definition
| an approach that emphasizes the role of modeling, or observational learning, in the development of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of genetic-envrionmental correlation in which individuals actively choose environments that complement their heredity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of cell division through which gametes are formed and in which the number of chromosomes in each cell is halved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth. |
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Term
Sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS) |
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Definition
| The unexpected death, usually during the night, or an infant under 1 year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation |
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Term
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Definition
| Electronic instruments that track the baby's heart rate during labor |
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Term
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Definition
| The long cord connecting the prenatal organism to the placenta that delivers nutrients and removes waste products |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of defects that results when women consume large amounts of alcohol during most or all of pregnancy. Includes mental retardation; impaired motor coordination, attention, memory, and language; overactivity; slow physical growth; and facial abnormalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births |
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Term
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Definition
| A gradual reduction in the strength of a response as the result of repitive stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment. Usually, males are more severely affected by this disorder than females. |
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Term
| Attachment theory- Bowlby |
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Definition
| Attachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally. Attachment theory explains how much the parents' relationship with the child influences development. |
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Term
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Definition
- Formation of a viable zygote by the union of the male sperm and female ovum; fertilization.
- The entity formed by the union of the male sperm and female ovum; an embryo or zygote.
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Term
Weight gain during pregnancy |
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Definition
There's no one-size-fits-all approach to pregnancy weight gain. How much weight you need to gain depends on various factors, including your pre-pregnancy weight and body mass index (BMI). Your health and your baby's health also play a role. Work with your health care provider to determine what's right for you.
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Term
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Definition
| is a technique practiced on newborn, usually preterm, infants wherein the infant is held, skin-to-skin, with an adult. Kangaroo care for pre-term infants may be restricted to a few hours per day, but if they are medically stable that time may be extended. |
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Term
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Definition
| this concept identifies that each person has a genetically determined response to his/her environment unique to that person. Reaction Range exemplifies the fact that each person will react differently to an external stimulus and sometimes, although each person's genetic makeup is unique, different genetic and environmental combinations can make two people look alike in their reaction ranges |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants’ perceptual skills are at work during every waking moment. For example, those skills can be observed when an infant gazes into a caregiver’s eyes or distinguishes between familiar and unfamiliar people. Infants use perception to distinguish features of the environment, such as height, depth, and color. |
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Term
Body growth during infancy and toddlerhood |
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Definition
Physical growth occurs rapidly during the first 2 years of life. The transition from infancy to toddlerhood - the period that spans the second year of life-is marked by the infant's switch from crawling to walking.
1. During the first 2 years, the body grows more rapidly than at any time after birth.
2. By the end of the first year the infant's length is 50 percent greater than it was at birth,
and by 2 years of age it is 75 percent greater.
3. Birth weight has doubled by 5 months of age, tripled by I year, and quadrupled at 2 years.
4. Research indicates that these height and weight gains occur in little growth spurts.
5. In infancy, girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys.
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Term
Brain development during infancy and toddlerhood |
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Definition
- The available evidence suggests that both genetic processes and early experiences with the environment influence the timing of brain development
- Some suggest that the entire infancy period is a crucial and sensitive time for brain development, given the quantity and speed at which the neurons develop and connect.
- Positive physical experiences (feeding, safety, etc.) and positive psychological experiences (touching,cooing, and playing) activate and simulate brain activity
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Term
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Definition
- Full-term infants are born with a functioning sensory system—the senses of hearing, sight, taste, smell, touch, and sensitivity to pain—and these abilities continue to develop rapidly in the first few months
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