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Definition
| the tendency to respond to the demands of the environment in ways that meet one's goals |
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| the tendency to integrate particular observations into coherent knowledge |
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| the process by which people translate incoming information into a form that fits concepts they already understand |
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| the process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences |
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Definition
| the process by which children (or other people) balance assimilation and accomodation to create stable understanding |
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Definition
| the period (birth to 2 years) within Piaget's theory in which intelligence is expressed through sensory and motor abilities |
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Definition
| the period (2 to 7 years) within Piaget's theory in which children become able to represent their experiences in language, mental imagery, and symbolic thought |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| the period (7 to 12 years) within Piaget's theory in which children become able to reason logically about concrete objects and events |
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Term
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Definition
| the period (12 years and beyond) within Piaget's theory in which people become able to think about abstractions and hypothetical situations |
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Definition
| the knowledge that objects continue to exist even when they are out of view |
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Definition
| the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden |
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Definition
| the repetition of other people's behavior a substantial time after it originally occured |
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Definition
| the use of one object to stand for another |
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Definition
| the tendency to percieve the world solely from one's own point of view |
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Definition
| the tendency to focus on a single, perceptually striking feature of an object or event |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that merely changing the appearence of objects does not change their key properties |
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Term
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| the research technique of identifying goals, relevant information in the environment, and potential processing strategies for a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic organization of the cognitive system, including its main components and their characteristics |
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Definition
| the specific mental activities, such as rules and strategies, that people use to remember and do solve problems |
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Definition
| the process of attaining a goal by using a strategy to overcome an obstacle |
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Definition
| the fleeting retention of sights, sounds, and other sensations that have just been experienced |
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Definition
| information retained on an enduring basis |
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Term
| working (short-term) memory |
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Definition
| a kind of workspace in which information from sensory memory and long-term memory is brought together, attended to, and processed |
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Definition
| the simplest and most frequently used mental activities |
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Definition
| the process of representing in memory information that draws attention or is considered imporant |
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Definition
| the process of intentionally focusing on the information that is most relevant to the current goal |
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Definition
| the process of repeating information over and over to aid memory of it |
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Term
| overlapping-waves theories |
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Definition
| an information-processing approach that emphasizes the variability of children's thinking |
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Definition
| approaches that emphasize the sophistication of infants' and young children's thinking in areas that have been important throughout human evolutionary history |
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Definition
| limited to a particular area, such as living things or people |
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| generalizing knowledge about people to infer properties of other animals |
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Definition
| approaches that emphasize that other people and the surrounding culture contribute to children's development |
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Definition
| a process in which more knowledgeable individuals organize activities in ways that allow less knowledgeable people to learn |
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Definition
| the innumerable products of human ingenuity that enhance thinking (symbol systems, artifacts, skills, values etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| the second phaes of Vygotsky's internalization-of-thought process, in which children develop their self-regulation and problem-solving abilities by telling themselves aloud what to do, much as their parents did in the first stage |
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Definition
| the mutual understanding that people share during communication |
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| a process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment |
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Definition
| a process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children's thinking at a higher level than children could manage on their own |
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| a class of theories that focus on how change occurs over time in complex systems |
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