Term
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Definition
| the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and proceeds down to the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| development proceeds from the center of the body outward |
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Term
| principle of hierarchical integration |
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Definition
| simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex ones |
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Term
| principle of the independence of systems |
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Definition
| suggests that different body systems grow at different rates |
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Term
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Definition
| basic cells of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| cluster of fibers at the end of a cell used to communicated with other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| long extension on the opposite end of the cell used to carry messages for other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers used to communicate between neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| small gaps between neurons where neurotransmitters travel |
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Term
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Definition
| elimination of neurons as a result of nonuse or lack of stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a fatty substance, that provides insulation to the neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| the upper layer of the brain,home for the more developed and interconnected processes, higher-order processes such as thinking and reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific, but limmited time, usually early in an organisms life, during which teh organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development |
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Term
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Definition
| repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of awareness an infant displays both internally and externally when stimulated |
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Term
| rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
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Definition
| the period of sleep that is found in older children and adults and is associated with dreaming |
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Term
| Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) |
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Definition
| the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby |
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Term
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Definition
| unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age |
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Term
| Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) |
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Definition
| measure designed to determine infants' neurological and behavioral responses to their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| disease caused by malnutrition that stops growth, causes the body to waste away |
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Term
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Definition
| child's stomach, limbs, and face swell with water due to malnutrition |
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Term
| nonorganic failure to thrive |
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Definition
| disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical stimulation of the sense organs |
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Term
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Definition
| the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain |
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Term
| multimodal approach to perception |
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Definition
| considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated |
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Term
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Definition
| the action possibilities that a given situation or stimulus provides |
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Term
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Definition
| organized patterns of sensorimotor functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current state of cognitive development and way of thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events |
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Term
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Definition
| of cognitive development, Piaget's initial major stage which can be broken down into six substages |
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Term
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Definition
| the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen |
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Term
| information processing approaches |
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Definition
| the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use and store information |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which information is initially recorded, stored, and retrieved |
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Term
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Definition
| the lack of memory for experiences that occurred prior to 3 years of age |
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Term
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Definition
| overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social |
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Term
| Bayley Scales of Infant Development |
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Definition
| a measure that evaluates an infant's development from 2-42months |
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Term
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Definition
| the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication |
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Term
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Definition
| making speechlike but meaningless sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| one word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, the meaning of which depends on the particular context in which they are used |
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Term
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Definition
| speech in which words not critical to the message are left out "Josh threw" |
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Term
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Definition
| the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language "blankie" to just one specific blanket |
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Term
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Definition
| the overly broad sue of words, overgeneralizing their meaning "car" used for trucks, vans, motorcycles etc |
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Term
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Definition
| a style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects |
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Term
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Definition
| a style of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development |
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Term
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Definition
| Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure |
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Term
| language-acquisition device (LAD) |
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Definition
| a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person, 6-9months |
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Term
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Definition
| distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs 7-8months, peaks at 14months, then decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge of oneself, grows after a year of age |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person |
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Term
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Definition
| the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual |
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Term
| Ainsworth Strange Situation |
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Definition
| a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and his or her mother |
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Term
| secure attachment pattern |
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Definition
| a style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present, when she leaves they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns |
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Term
| avoidant attachment pattern |
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Definition
| a style of attachment when children do not seek proximity to the mother, after the mother has left they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior |
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Term
| ambivalent attachment pattern |
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Definition
| children display a combination of pos and neg reactions to mother, show great distress when mother leaves, upon return seek close contact to her but might also hit and kick ehr |
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Term
| disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern |
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Definition
| children show inconsistent often contradictory behavior, least securely attached children of all |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another |
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Term
| Erikson's theory of psychosocial development |
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Definition
| the theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of their behavior |
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Term
| trust-versus-mistrust stage |
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Definition
| according to Erikson, the period during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their care-givers |
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Term
| autonomy-versus-shame and doubt stage |
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Definition
| the period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed freedom to explore or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected |
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Term
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Definition
| patters of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| babies who have a positive disposition, body functions operate regularly, adaptable |
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Term
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Definition
| negative moods, slow to adapt, when confronted with a new situation they withdraw |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive, show relatively calm reactions to environment, moods negative, withdraw from situations, adapt slowly |
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Term
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Definition
| notion that development is dependent of the degree of match between child's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised |
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Term
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Definition
| the sense of being male or female |
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