Term
| at what age do North American children typically get their first permanent tooth? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many preschoolers have tooth decay? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does tooth decay in baby teeth matter? |
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Definition
| Yes, because it can affect the health of permanent teeth. |
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Term
| By age 6, the brain is what percent of its adult weight? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does lead exposure in childhood impact mental test scores over time? |
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Definition
| poorer mental test scores are associated with lead exposure. |
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Term
| why does sleep contribute to body growth? |
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Definition
| GH (growth hormone) is released during the child's sleeping hours. |
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Term
| how does the social environment impact food preferences in early childhood? |
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Definition
| Strong Influence. study about mom's drinking milk so child chooses to drink milk. Children tend to imitate the food choices and eating practices of people they admire, both adults and peers. |
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Term
| What are tips for encouraging good nutrition? |
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Definition
| Offer a varied, healthy diet; offer predictable meals as well as several snacks a day; offer small portions, and permit the child to serve themselves and to ask for seconds; offer healthy new foods early in a meal and repeatedly at subsequent meals, and respond with patience if the child rejects the food; keep mealtimes pleasant, and include the child in mealtime conversations; avoid using food as a reward and forbidding access to certain foods. |
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Term
| what percent of annual deaths of children under age 5 are due to infectious disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| what percent of U.S. preschoolers are NOT fully immunized? |
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Definition
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Term
| children should be in a properly installed carseat until what age? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name gross-motor skills for children ages 2-3. |
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Definition
| walks more rhythmically; hurried walk changes to a run; jumps, hops, throws, and catches with rigid upper body; pushes riding toy with feet; little steering. |
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Term
| Name fine-motor skills for children ages 2-3. |
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Definition
| puts on and removes simple items of clothing; zips and unzips large zippers; uses spoon effectively. |
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Term
| Name gross-motor skills for children ages 3-4. |
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Definition
| walks up stairs, alternating feet, and down stairs, leading with one foot; jumps and hops, flexing upper body; throws and catches with slight involvement of upper body; still catches by trapping ball against chest; pedals and steers tricycle. |
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Term
| Name fine-motor skills for children ages 3-4. |
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Definition
| fastens and unfastens large buttons; serves self food without assistance; uses scissors; copies vertical line and circle; draws first picture of person, using tadpole image. |
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Term
| Name gross-motor skills for children ages 4-5. |
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Definition
| walks down stairs, alternating feet; runs more smoothly; gallops and skips with one foot; throws ball with increased body rotation and transfer of weight on feet, catches ball with hands; rides tricycle rapidly, steers smoothly. |
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Term
| Name fine-motor skills for children ages 4-5. |
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Definition
| uses fork effectively; cuts with scissors following line; copies triangle, cross, and some letters. |
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Term
| Name gross-motor skills for children ages 5-6. |
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Definition
| increases running speed; gallops more smoothly, engages in true skipping; displays mature throwing and catching pattern; rides bicycle with training wheels |
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Term
| Name fine-motor skills for children ages 5-6. |
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Definition
| uses knife to cut soft food; ties shoes; draws person with six parts; copies some numbers and simple words. |
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Term
| At what age can children put on and take off simple items of clothing? |
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Definition
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Term
| at what age can children dress and undress themselves well enough to take care of toileting needs by themselves? |
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Definition
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Term
| at what age can children dress and undress without supervision? |
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Definition
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Term
| at what age can children use a fork? |
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Definition
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Term
| at what age can children use a knife to cut soft foods? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are cultural variations in development of drawing? |
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Definition
| in cultures with rich artistic traditions, children create elaborate drawings that reflect their culture. in cultures with little interest in art, even older children produce simple forms. these forms seem to be a universal beginning in drawing. |
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Term
| What is the most flexible means of mental representation according to Piaget? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the relationship between sociodramatic play and social competence? |
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Definition
| preschoolers who spend more time in sociodramatic play are seen as more socially competent by their teachers. |
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Term
| What is the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking according to Piaget? |
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Definition
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Term
| when young children converse with adults, how many questions do they ask on average? |
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Definition
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Term
| when young children ask questions, is it typically for attention or for information? |
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Definition
| 70-90% of questions are typically information-seeking. |
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Term
| what is a major reason for improvement in sustained attention in early childhood? |
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Definition
| a steady gain in children's ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a competing goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| beliefs that do not represent reality accurately. |
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Term
| Give an example of a false belief. |
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Definition
| a) an adult shows a child the contents of a Band-Aid box and of an unmarked box. The Band-Aids are in the unmarked container. B) the adult introduces the child to a hand puppet and asks the child to predict where the puppet would look for the Band-Aids and to explain the puppets behavior. The task reveals whether children understand that without having seen that the Band-Aids are in the unmarked container, the puppet will hold a false belief. |
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Term
| what are some indications of emergent literacy? |
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Definition
| Phonological awareness, as indicated by sensitivity to change in sounds within words, to rhyming, and to incorrect pronunciation, is a strong predictor of emergent literacy. Pointing out letter-sound correspondences and playing language sound games. Interactive reading is also an indication. |
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Term
| on average, how many words are in a child's vocabulary at age 2? |
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Definition
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Term
| on average, how many words are in a child's vocabulary at age 6? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do parents influence emotional understanding? |
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Definition
| The more parents label emotions, explain them, and express warmth and enthusiasm when conversing with preschoolers, the more “emotion words” children use and the better developed their emotional understanding. Frequently acknowledge children's emotional reactions and talk about diverse emotions are better able to talk about others emotions. |
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Term
| according to Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, what leads to moral behavior? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 3 factors increase the effectiveness of punishment? |
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Definition
| consistency, a warm parent-child relationship, and explanations. |
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Term
| what is the relationship between TV viewing in childhood and later aggression? |
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Definition
| The more TV watched in childhood and early adolescence, the greater the annual number of aggressive acts committed by the young person. |
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Term
| describe the association between gender identity and psychological functioning. |
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Definition
| Gender identity is a good predictor of psychological adjustment. “masculine” and androgynous children and adults have higher self-esteem than “feminine” individuals. Because many feminine traits are not valued in our culture. |
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Term
| By middle childhood, children who hold flexible beliefs about what boys and girls can do are more likely to notice what? |
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Definition
| instances of gender discrimination. |
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Term
| describe maltreating parents. |
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Definition
| they use ineffective discipline and hold a negatively biased view of their child. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pituitary hormone that affects the development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals. |
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Term
| Define psychosocial dwarfism. |
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Definition
| a growth disorder, usually appearing between 2 and 15 years of age, caused by extreme emotional deprivation. it is characterized by decreased GH secretion, very short stature, immature skeletal age, and serious adjustment problems, which help distinguish it from normal shortness. |
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Term
| Define preoperational stage. |
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Definition
| Piaget’s second stage, extending from about 2 to 7 years of age, in which children undergo an extraordinary increase in representational, or symbolic, activity, although thought is not yet logical. |
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Term
| Define sociodramatic play. |
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Definition
| The make-believe play with others that is under way by the end of the second year and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood. |
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Term
| define dual representation. |
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Definition
| the ability to view a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol. |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one's own. |
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Term
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Definition
| the understanding that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| in Piaget's theory, the tendency of preoperational children to focus on one aspect of a situation while neglecting other important features. |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point. |
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Term
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Definition
| self-directed speech that children use to plan and guide their own behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance. as competence increases, the adult gradually and sensitively withdraws support, turning responsibility over to the child. |
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Term
| define guided participation. |
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Definition
| shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication, thereby allowing for variations across situations and cultures. a broader concept than scaffolding. |
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Term
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Definition
| general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation, used to organize, interpret, and predict everyday experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| the mathematical principle specifying order relationships (more than and less than) between quantities. |
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Term
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Definition
| the mathematical principle stating that the last number in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in the set. |
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Term
| define child-centered programs |
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Definition
| preschool and kindergarten programs in which teachers provide a variety of activities from which children select, and much learning takes place through play. |
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Term
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Definition
| preschool and kindergarten programs in which teachers structure children's learning, teaching academic skills through formal lessons that often involve repetition and drill. |
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Term
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Definition
| children's ability to connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter. |
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Term
| define mutual exclusivity bias |
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Definition
| early in vocabulary growth, children's assumption that words refer to entirely separate, non-overlapping categories. |
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Term
| define synaptic bootstrapping |
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Definition
| figuring out word meanings by observing how words are used in syntax, or the structure of sentences. |
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Term
| define overregularization |
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Definition
| extension of regular grammatical rules to words that are exceptions. |
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Term
| define semantic bootstrapping |
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Definition
| using semantics, or word meanings, to figure out grammatical rules. |
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Term
| define initiative vs guilt |
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Definition
| in erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of early childhood, which is resolved positively through play experiences that foster a healthy sense of purposefulness and through the development of a superego, or conscience, that is not overly strict or guilt-ridden. |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is. |
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Term
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Definition
| an aspect of self-concept that involves judgements about one's own worth and the feelings associated with those judgements. typically high in preschoolers. |
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Term
| define nonsocial activity |
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Definition
| unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of limited social participation in which a child plays near other children with similar materials but does not interact with them. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of true social interaction in which children engage in separate activities but interact by exchanging toys and commenting on one another's behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of social interaction in which children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of discipline in which an adult helps the child notice feelings by pointing out the effects of the child's misbehavior on others. |
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Term
| define proactive aggression. |
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Definition
| (instrumental). a type of aggression in which children act to fulfill a need or desire- to obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward, such as adult attention-and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal. |
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Term
| define reactive aggression |
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Definition
| an angry, defensive response to provocation or a blocked goal that is intended to hurt another person. Also called hostile aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
| any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| an image of oneself as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| the gender identity held by individuals who score high on both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine personality characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| a full understanding of the biologically based permanence of one's gender, including the realization that sex remains the same over time even if clothing, hairstyle, and play activities change. |
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Term
| define authoritative child-rearing style. |
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Definition
| a child-rearing style that is high in acceptance and involvement, emphasized adaptive control techniques, and includes gradual, appropriate autonomy granting. |
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Term
| define authoritarian child-rearing style |
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Definition
| a child-rearing style that is low in acceptance and involvement, high in coercive and psychological control, and low in autonomy granting. |
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Term
| define permissive child-rearing style |
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Definition
| a child-rearing style that is high in acceptance but either overindulgent or inattentive, low in control, and inappropriately lenient in autonomy granting. |
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Term
| define uninvolved child-rearing style |
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Definition
| a child-rearing style that combines low acceptance and involvement with little control and general indifference to issues of autonomy. |
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Term
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Definition
| milk-avoiders are shorter in stature and have a lower bone density. Adding sugar or salt in hopes of increasing a young child’s willingness to eat healthy foods simply strengthens the child’s desire for a sugary or salty taste. Similarly, offering children sweet fruit or soft drinks promotes “milk avoidance.” |
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Term
| define autobiographical memory |
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Definition
| representations of personally meaningful, one-time events. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs around age 2; coherent set of ideas about mental activities. Including a clear grasp of others emotions and desires and knowing that others dislikes and likes differ from their own. |
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Term
| define gender-schematic child |
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Definition
| one who views the world in gender linked terms (masculine vs. feminine). if i'm a boy, is this what boys do? if not, i won't play with it. |
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Term
| define gender-aschematic child |
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Definition
| one who seldom views the world in gender-linked terms. looks at a toy and asks, do i like this toy. |
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Term
| in what order do children learn to use utensils? |
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Definition
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Term
| what child rearing style is most successful? |
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Definition
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Term
| as preschoolers age, the focus of their conflicts shifts from what to what? |
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Definition
| toys and other resources to differences of opinions |
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Term
| what 2 things should be avoided as they make children so anxious that they cannot figure out what to do? |
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Definition
| threats of punishment or withdrawal of love. |
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Term
| are most cases of child abuse reported? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of child abuse is most common among reported cases? |
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Definition
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Term
| who most commonly perpetrates child abuse? |
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Definition
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