Term
-MATERIAL FROM EXAM 2
-Study Guide for Chapter 1
-Psychological Science |
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Definition
-Define
-Describe
-Provide an example of
-Identify an example of
for each note card... :( |
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Scientific Method Section
Theory
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Presents two or more variables and specifies the relationship between these variables
Daily Experiences, Commonly Held Beliefs |
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Scientific Method Section
Research question |
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Definition
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Scientific Method Section
Hypothesis |
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| A prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. |
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Scientific Method Section
Evidence |
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Found through research studies |
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Scientific Method Section
Drawing Conclusions
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Scientific Method Section
Theory Construction OR Modification |
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Scientific Method Section
New research questions OR hypotheses |
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| the entire group of people of interest to the researcher |
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| a smaller group selected from the population for study |
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| Reflects the characteristics of the population |
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| does not reflect the characteristics of the population |
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| every member of the population has some chance of being in the sample |
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| every member of the population has an equal chance of being in the sample |
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| every kth element is sampled after a randomly determined start, k=any number |
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| a sample drawn so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample. |
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| non-probability sampling: Convenience sampling |
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| most common of all sampling techniques. participants are chosen simply because they are easy to recruit. |
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-correlation coefficient
-Direction
- positive correlation, negative correlation, no correlation
-strength (closer to 1, positive or negative)
-Cannot imply causation due to directionality problems, third variables. |
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| variable that the experimenter manipulates |
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| variable that the experimenter measures |
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| how to avoid bias in experimental research |
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| how to avoid placebo effect? |
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| use a placebo in experiment |
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| How to avoid demand characteristics? |
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| Cover stories (deception) |
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| how to avoid experimenter bias? |
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-naive experimenters (don't know hypothesis
-blind experimenters: don't know which condition/group the participants are in. |
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(Part of the neuron)
Cell Body (Soma) |
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| branch out from cell body and receive signals from other neurons |
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| slender tail-like extension of the neuron that transmits signals to other neurons. |
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(Types of neurons)
Sensory neuron (afferent) |
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| transmits messages from the senses to the CNS. |
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| transmits messages from the CNS to the nucleus. |
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| transmits information between neurons in the CNS. |
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| specialized cells in the brain and spinal cord that hold the neurons together and remove waste products such as dead neurons. |
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| fatty substance that encases and insulates axons, facilitating transmission of neural impulses. |
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| Communication between two neurons. Communication between neurons occurs at the synapse. |
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Definition
-sacs in the axon terminals that store the neurotransmitter (chemical messengers)
-neural firing drives them to the synapse where they release their neurotransmitters. |
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| causes change in electrical potential of post-synaptic neuron. |
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| connects brain to PNS; simple reflexes |
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| handles functions critical to physical survival |
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| relay station for motor messages b/t cerebellum and motor cortex |
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| arousal system involved in alertness and attention. |
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| heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, swallowing, coughing |
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| smooth and skilled movement; muscle tone and posture. |
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| unconscious motor actions |
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| relay station b/t cerebral cortex and sensory information (for all senses except for smell) |
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| hunger, thirst, body temperature, endocrine system, physiological aspects of emotion. |
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| emotion (esp. response to unpleasant or punishing stimuli) |
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| memory navigational ability |
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| largest structure in human brain |
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| lateralization of brain function |
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controls right side of the body. controls language, math, logic, and details.
-Broca's and Wernicke's areas are here. |
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| difficulty understanding speech; production fine but doesn't make sense |
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| difficulty production speech; understanding fine. |
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controls left side of the body.
controls visual spatial relations, music, metaphors, emotional qualities of speech, overall patterns. |
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| auditory (hearing) cortex and Wenicke's area |
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| somatosensory (sensing) cortex, spatial orientation |
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| Broca's area, thinking, planning, reasoning, impulse control, motivation, motor cortex |
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| thick band of nerve fibers connecting right and left hemispheres, (split brain operation severs corpus collosum) |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| voluntary muscle activation (carries information from the senses to the CNS for processing and sends movement instructions back to the muscles. |
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| transmits messages between the CNS and the body's organs and glands |
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| prepares body for stress or action; "fight or flight" reactions |
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| (autonomic) Parasympathetic |
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| returns body systems to normal (rest and digest) |
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| process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain |
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| process by which sensory info is actively organized and interpreted by the brain |
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| visible spectrum, humans can percieve wavelengths between 400-700nm |
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tough, transparent, protective layer covering the front of the eye.
-performs the first step in vision by bending light rays inward |
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composed of many thin layers and looks like a transparent disc.
-performs the first step in vision by bending light rays inward. |
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| dilates and contracts the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. |
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| small area about the size of a period that provides the clearest and sharpest area of vision in the whole retina. |
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| a layer of tissue located at the back of the eye that contains the sensory receptors for vision. |
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| converts sensory stimulation (light waves, sound waves) into neural impulses. |
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| allow us to see in dark or dimly lit conditions |
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| allow us to see color and detail (visual acuity) |
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| no rods or cones at this point in the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye |
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| carries visual info from each retina to both sides of the brain |
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| What physical attributes produce color? |
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| Wavelengths of light that reflect off of an object/surface |
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Visible spectrum has wavelengths associated with different colors
1. short :
2. medium:
3. long: |
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| Blue, Green, yellow, red, orange, magenta, etc. |
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| Trichromatic theory of color vision |
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| explains the first phase of color processing: the way the cones perform color processing. |
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| Trichromatic theory of color vision continued |
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| 1. Discovery of three types of cones (short/blue, medium/green, long/red) |
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| Opponent process theory of color vision |
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| explains the second phase of color processing: the way the info about wavelength from the cones is passed on to other neurons. |
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Opponent process theory of color vision continued...
Three pairs of opponent processes |
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Definition
1. blue - yellow
2. red - green
3. black - white |
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| Opponent process theory of color vision continued... |
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| explains color in negative afterimages. |
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| occurs in 7% of males, less than 1% of females |
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| used to test for color deficiency |
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| color blind, no functioning cones;rod vision only; low acuity. Receptor based (cone defficiency. |
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| inability to distinguish certain colors from one another (only two types of cones) Receptor-based (cone) deficiency |
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(link to x-chromosome) missing long wavelength (red) cones.
Red-green color deficiency. |
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(link to x-chromosome) missing medium wavelength (green) cones
Red-green color deficiency |
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missing short wavelength (blue) cones
-blue-yellow color deficiency |
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| Cortical (brain-based) deficiency |
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| number of sound wave cycles per second |
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| overall size of pressure change (top of wave to bottom) |
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| corresponds to amplitude/decibel |
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| corresponds to frequency/Hz. higher frequency sounds have a higher pitch. |
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| Ear drum (tympanic membrane) |
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| border between outer and middle ear |
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| Pinnae, Auditory (ear) canal, Ear drum (tympanic membrane) |
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| closest to tympanic membrane |
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| closest to oval window and cochlea |
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| border between middle and inner ear |
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| base responds best to high frequencies and apex responds best to low frequencies |
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| sensory neurons for hearing |
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| transmits electrical impulses from hair cells to brain. |
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| Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler |
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Principles of perceptual organization
-Similarity |
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| similar things appear to be grouped together |
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| lines tend to be seen as continuous, even if they are interrupted. |
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| things that are near to each other appear to be grouped together |
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| missing parts of an object are filled in to complete it, so that it appears as a whole. |
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| things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together |
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| things are more likely to form groups if they appear familiar or meaningful |
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| as we view the world, some objects (the figure) often seem to stand out from the background (the ground) |
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