Term
| What are male & female calves used for in beef production? Heifers? Cows? |
|
Definition
most males castrated
steers & extra females are sold as feeders to be finishers, some calves kept as replacements heifers
some heifers marketed as bred, some mature to cows
cows are culled based on productivity, temperament, age, health |
|
|
Term
| Is lactation necessary in beef cows? |
|
Definition
| to minimize costs of raising calves, yes |
|
|
Term
| What is a forage-finished cow? |
|
Definition
| finished on either pasture, hay or haylage |
|
|
Term
Beef cattle industry is very segmented
What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| little vertical integration, one farm responsible for cow-calf, one for finishing, then goes to packing plant, then wholesale, then retail |
|
|
Term
| What country buys most of Canada's exported beef? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Canada may not produce a lot of beef but
they are a major exporter. How does this
work? |
|
Definition
| lots of canadian calves are weaned and then go to US feedlots |
|
|
Term
Canada produces more beef than it needs
but it is still a major importer of beef.
How does this work |
|
Definition
| can import beef for less than what it costs to produce beef, so most profitable is to sell what we produce and then import what we need |
|
|
Term
| Why is nutrition of beef cattle important in terms of profit? |
|
Definition
| how the cattle are fed can influence returns |
|
|
Term
| Which nutrients provide energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when would protein provide energy? |
|
Definition
| if the AA profile is unbalanced, or you are feeding more protein than is necessary |
|
|
Term
| 3 most common feedstuffs used in Ontario beef cattle feed |
|
Definition
corn
soybean meal
alfalfa/grass mixture |
|
|
Term
| Which is highest in energy, corn, SBM or alfalfa? lowest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is highest in protein, corn, SBM or alfalfa? lowest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you formulate a ration, or a DM or as-fed basis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We feed on an _____ basis and balance rations on a ______ basis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % _______ / % DM = _______ / 100%DM |
|
Definition
% nutrient (as fed)
% nutrient (DMB) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total digestible nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between NDF and TDN? |
|
Definition
higher NDF = more cell wall CHO and lignin, less cell contents
means less digestible nutrients, less energy-yielding compounds |
|
|
Term
| What is a definition of a protein supplement in terms of CP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a nonsecretory forestomach with 3 compartments, and a secretory abomasum |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 major roles of the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
act as a barrier to the environment
digestion & absorption of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What do cattle use for prehension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What teeth are cattle missing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ramus is medial to the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the major muscles for chewing attached? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The joint between the skull and lower jaw is the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the mandibular condyle flat in cattle? |
|
Definition
| allows for horizontal grinding |
|
|
Term
| What are the main salivary glands? Which one accounts for 50% of production? |
|
Definition
parotid 50%
mandibular
sublingual |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of saliva? (6) |
|
Definition
-dissolves food to aid in taste & initiate digestion
-lubrication
-buffers acidic foods & VFA from rumen
-source of P for microbes to synthesize phospholipids, nucleoproteins etc
-route for disposal of urea & uric acid
-protection |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of saliva production in poor pasture conditions |
|
Definition
| pasture low in P, saliva can contain urea & P which can be 'recycled' by microbes |
|
|
Term
| Connecting tube between the pharynx and reticuloremen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Continuation of oral cavity leading to the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the compartments of the forestomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most cranial part of the forestomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Has a honeycomb structure of mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hardware disease can be prevented by implanting a magnet in the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical digestion via microbial enzymes takes place in the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does physical digestion take place? |
|
Definition
mouth (chewing)
rumen (mixes ingesta) |
|
|
Term
| Cattle ruminant feedstuffs for how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 Rs of rumination? |
|
Definition
regurgitation
remastication
reensalivation
reswallowing |
|
|
Term
| What is the rule of rumination? |
|
Definition
-reduce particle size so that feed can leave the rumen
-increase density of ingesta
-increase saliva production to buffer VFA
-increase mixing of digesta, eructation |
|
|
Term
| This structure has many sheets of muscular laminae to sort feedstuffs by particle size |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the omasum? |
|
Definition
absorption of VFA, electrolytes and water
filter feedstuffs based on particle size |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages of pregastric fermentation? |
|
Definition
-can use cellulose, and fibrous diets
-synthesize microbial protein
-synthesize B vitamins
-detoxification
-more effective use of VFAs, B vits, microbial protein |
|
|
Term
| What are the disadvantages of pregastric fermentation? |
|
Definition
-need food frequently
-lots of energy lost during fermentation
-need to spend lots of time chewing food
-ATP production from VFA is less efficient than absorbing glucose from SI
-ketosis
-toxins produced by microbes (lots of ammonia) |
|
|
Term
| Primary site for CHO, lipid, protein digestion and absorption of vitamins, minerals, and water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do trypsin and chymotrypsin do? |
|
Definition
| produce AA and small peptides |
|
|
Term
| What does carboxypeptidase do? |
|
Definition
| splits off the terminal AA of peptides |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme converts starch to oligosacharides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What SI enzymes come from the enterocytes? |
|
Definition
MSLEAN
maltase
sucrase
lactase
enterokinase
aminopeptidase
nucleosidase |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins are synthesized in the LI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
the pancrease has both endocrine and exocrine functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if something has an exocrine function? |
|
Definition
| produce a substance which reaches its target through a duct (not bloodstream) |
|
|
Term
| The _____ is the metabolic powerhouse of the body. It is involved with the metabolism of ____, ____ and ____ |
|
Definition
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