Term
| Oldest record of individual difference testing |
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Definition
China 2200BC
Emperor's officials tested every 3 years for fitness to office
Multiple levels over many days
Abolished 1906 by Royal Decree |
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Definition
1885 - developed memory testing for brain-injured patients with aim of dientangling psychopathologies
Battery of tests - over 100 hours to complete
Demonstrated standardised procedures could reveal nature and extent of symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
Belief that changes in a person's soul could be seen in physical features (face)
Lavater - published pictures etc. depicting physiognomy drawings |
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Definition
Born out of physiognomy - notion that bumps on skull showed overdeveloped parts of brain
Gall - founder - first to establish link between skull/brain and differences in human character |
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Definition
| Machine to measure phrenology readings (Lavery), rated 32 mental faculties from 1 to 5 and produced an automated printout |
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Term
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Definition
| Signified a move from subjective methods to experimental psychology, laboratory testing believed to show link between intelligence and basic sensory tasks (RT) |
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Term
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Definition
1801-1887 - credited with introducing concept of 'median'
Used empirical methods to establish precise science of functional relationship between physical stimuli and mental phenomena |
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Definition
1832-1920
Founded 1st psychological lab
Pendulum test - difference in actual time vs perception seen as 'swiftness of thought' |
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Definition
1822-1911
New experimental lab in London
Tested 1700 people, obsessed with measurement
Demonstrated that individual differences exist and can be measured with standardised procedure |
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Definition
Studied under Wundt and Galton
26 Years - Dean of US Psychology at Columbia Uni
Used RT to measure differences in mental reaction |
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Definition
Cattell's student
Used mental testing to predict academic performance
Failure of correlation led to him leaving psychology for anthropology and the move towards more accurate measures of intellect |
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Definition
First to find differences between mental retardation (incurable) and mental illness (could be improved)
Placed heavy emphasis on language as deciding factor (short phrases, monosyllabic grunts, cries and no speech) |
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Definition
Student of Esquirol
New Humanism for the intellectually disabled
Helped to create non-linguistic programs and education manuals for the education of intellectually impaired individuals |
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Term
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Definition
First modern scale of IQ
Lots of work with own daughters - realised that attention and suggestion were important factors when testing children
Argued that IQ better tested using higher order mental processes
Worked with the French government to design test for children struggling in the normal school system
Aim was to measure, not classify, tests increased in difficulty and were standardised on 'normal children' |
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Term
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Definition
1908 Revision of the Binet IQ scale for children
Removed easy items, added harder items, arranged by age
Addition of mental age calculation
Standardised once again on 300 children, translated for use in the US |
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Term
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Definition
1906
Translated Binet-Simon for American children
Found 3% of children 'feebleminded' - advocated segregation
Worked on Ellis Is testing immigrants, did not account for language/trauma boundaries
Called for deportation/segregation of those failing test |
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Term
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Definition
Worked at Ellis Island, realised tests unfair for non-English speakers
Developed non-linguistic tests for IQ but still advocated for deportation for those who failed |
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Term
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Definition
Developed in AUS by Stanley Porteus
Early non-verbal test thought to measure frontal lobe functioning |
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Term
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Definition
1911 revision of Simon-Binet
STANFORD-BINET
Provision of single IQ score, further developed for American children |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed to reduce time taken to test people |
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Term
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Definition
Harvard Professor - convoked US military that they needed to test recruits for classification
Along with Terman & Goddard - developed Army Alpha & Army Beta tests |
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Term
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Definition
Developed by Terman, Goddard and Yerkes
8 Items of heavy verbal nature designed to test average to high functioning recruits
Used as a tool for racism and prejudice |
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Term
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Definition
Non-verbal test for 'illiterates' and those whom English was not first language
Tool for racism and prejudice
Poorly administered, inadequate facilities
Language difficulties still later recognised as reason for ethnic differences on test scores |
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Term
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Definition
Access more specific abilities than IQ scores
Widely used in military/job recruitment |
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Term
| Personality & Vocational Testing |
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Definition
Woodsworth - Personality Data Sheet (isolate recruits vulnerable to psychoneurosis)
Thurstone - Personality Schedule, more statistically reliable |
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Term
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Definition
Tests to reveal subconscious thoughts/feelings/intentions
Galton - word association test
Jung - 100 word association test
Rorschach - ink blot test |
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Term
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Definition
Created measures for guidance and counselling of the masses
Yoakum - developed tests to counsel 'normal' people
Developed a pool of 100 items related to interests of particular careers from childhood to early maturity |
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Term
| Outline the key parts to Freud's theory |
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Definition
- Distinction subconscious/conscious (Case of Anna O)
- Defences against subconscious impulses (repression/denial/projection)
- Wishes - repression/resistance to subconscious wishes leads to conflict/anxiety --> neurosis
- Transference - transferring impulses that belong to one area of our life to another area (our habitual patterns)
- Counter-transference - attitude of analyst impacting on patient
- Tripartite psyche
- Psychosexual stages of development |
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Term
| What are the three components of Freud's tripartite psyche? |
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Definition
Superego: Your ideal values
Ego: Reality - balance of the other two, what is constant across days
Id: Impulsive, basic section of brain consumed by pleasure |
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Term
| What are the psychosexual stages of development? |
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Definition
Oral Stage - breastfeeding, obsessed with mouth
Anal Stage - obsessed with expulsion
Phallic Stage - obsessed with genitals, curiosity
Latency Stage - consolidation phase for previous 3 stages
Genital Stage - focused on genitals and development of EGO, detachment from parents (adulthood) |
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Term
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Definition
| Key aspect of psychoanalytic analysis, allowing patients to relate whatever comes to mind in a space of no judgement and curiosity, aims to reduce conflict between patient's need to learn about themselves and their fears and defences against change and self-exposure |
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Term
| What did Freud believe about dreams? |
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Definition
| Occur at two levels: latent and manifest content |
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Term
| How did Kleinian theory differ from Freudian? |
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Definition
Freud - 1st person theory, encapsulated within the self
Klein - two person theory, involves others and our innate drive to connect |
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Term
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Definition
The idea that we are not just driven by sex/aggression or simply relating
We have a fundamental need to feel integrated and whole |
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Term
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Definition
Looks at psychopathology as resulting from basic psychological drives.
Anxiety - damming up of libido/natural consequence of remembering scary things
Depression - anger turned inwards |
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Term
| How did Jung differ from Freud? |
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Definition
Had a falling out
Believed that people shared a subconscious knowledge and have a large need for spiritual connection |
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Term
| What are some of the key Jungian concepts? |
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Definition
Individuation
Achetypes
Attitudes
Synchronicity
Yin and Yang
Complexes
Dreams |
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Term
| What were the Jungian archetypes? |
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Definition
Persona - social role or mask
Shadow - unacceptable within
Anima - the female side of male psyche
Animus - the male side of female psyche
Self - ultimate unity of the personality |
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Term
| What were Jung's 4 proposed functions? |
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Definition
Thinking
Intuition
Sensation
Feeling
- believed that people would have a superior function (predominant function) |
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Term
| What is the Interpersonal Approach? Who is now credited with it? |
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Definition
Harry Stack Sullivan
Emphasis on "peripatetic empathy" and role of mother figure
Believed in transformational moments - the presence of a new relationship differing from previous can be enough to bring about change |
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Term
| What is the definition of contemporary psychoanalytic treatment? |
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Definition
| A sustained dialogue over time with its goal of increased awareness and so psychological freedom, all through the medium of intense immersion in and exploration of the relationship itself |
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Term
| According to Shedler what are the distinctive features of contemporary psychoanalysis? |
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Definition
1. Focus on affect & emotion
2. Exploration of attempts to avoid distressing thoughts
3. Identify reoccurring themes/patterns
4. Discussion of past experience
5. Focus on interpersonal relationships
6. Focus on therapy relationship (TRANSFERENCE)
7. Exploration of fantasy life |
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Term
| What is a projective method? |
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Definition
| Presentation of ambiguous stimuli, allowing the examinee freedom of response, interpretation thought to reflect unconscious needs/conflicts |
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Term
| What is the Thematic Apperception test? |
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Definition
| Picture interpretation task of provocative yet ambiguous picture. Cards use to illicit subconscious ideas |
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Term
| What is a mental state exam (MSE)? Its purpose? |
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Definition
| It is a collection of observations re psychological functioning and a possible estimate of diagnosis, a structured summary of your observations about the client |
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Term
| What components make up a MSE? |
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Definition
Appearance & Behaviour
Thought form
Thought content
Perception
Affect/mood
Orientation
Cognition
Judgement
Insight
Intelligence |
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Term
| What is the purpose of diagnosis for MSE? |
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Definition
| To understand the experiences of the person, and be able to communicate the issues they face to others/ guide prognosis/treatment |
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Term
| What is involved in a risk assessment? |
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Definition
Identifying risk factors (ideation, plans, stress, depression, hopelessness, impulse control issues, substance abuse)
Identifying protective factors (beliefs, family, social support networks, further positive experiences to look forwards to) |
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Term
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Definition
| An EXPLANATION of what the client is experiencing, provides a basis for treatment plans |
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Term
| How is a formulation created? What are the two models? |
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Definition
Integration of diagnostic and non-diagnostic information from history in order to identify critical events and link them back the presenting problem.
Can use either the seven step model or the SORCK model. |
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Term
| What is the seven step model of formulation creation? |
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Definition
| 7Ps - Presentation, Pattern, Predisposition, Precipitation, Perpetuation, Potentials, Prognosis |
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Term
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Definition
Model of formulation creation.
S - Stimulus (trigger/historical, context or immediate?)
O - Organism (tiredness, ADHD, IQ)
R - Response (target behaviour)
C - Consequences (immediate or delayed?)
K - Contingencies (is it being reinforced?) |
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Term
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Definition
| Things related to aspects of personality/interpersonal style of the client that may play a significant part in clinical analysis/therapy. E.g. some clients may like structure, some may not (just want to chat to you) |
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Term
| What are the phases of a clinical interview? |
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Definition
1. Opening & Rapport Building
2. Middle - history, MSE, risk assessment, determine insight
3. End - summary, outline goals |
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Term
| What is the DSM definition of a mental disorder? |
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Definition
| A significant behaviour that occurs in an individual that is associated with distress or disability, an increased risk of suffering death, pain or loss of freedom. Must not be culturally sanctioned response. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a structured clinical interview? |
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Definition
| Used when interviews carry much more weight e.g. for court proceedings, allows demonstrated validity and reliability |
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Term
| What methods can be used in clinical assessment other than the MSE? |
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Definition
Self-monitoring methods
Questionnaires
Observation
Corroborative reports |
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Term
| What is the ABC form of self monitoring? |
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Definition
ABC Forms are devised on the basis of the MSE and are based around triggers/behaviours highlighted to you by the client.
Can be used to monitor affect/behaviour and can assist to establish a baseline or to monitor interventions as they progress.
A - Antecedents (cause)
B - Beliefs (believed reasoning behind event)
c - Consequences (emotional impact of event, degree/10) |
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Term
| What is the vertical arrow technique? |
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Definition
Used in conjunction with the ABC model of self-monitoring.
Once beliefs are identified, psychologist asks the client to explain why the outcome of the situation/belief would be so bad/how it would impact them. Aiming to identify the core belief, questions are repeated until no more central beliefs are found, aims to make sure beliefs are beliefs and not just affect and to highlight their true nature/impact. |
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Term
| What is cultural competence? |
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Definition
| Ability of a practitioner to identify, intervene and treat mental health complaints in a way that recognises the central role that culture plays in un-wellness. |
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Term
| What does cultural competency involve? |
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Definition
Self awareness on the part of the practitioner
(we must first be aware of our own beliefs and biases to ensure they do not impact.
Knowledge of other cultures
Flexibility and appropriate skills
(Most learned skills will only have been normed on WEIRD participants, may need to modify our skills and adapt to new cultures, realise that a different way of engaging client may be needed) |
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Term
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Definition
The process of cultural and psychological change that follows the meeting of two cultures.
Occurs on two levels - at both the minority level (most change) and majority level (minimal change) |
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Term
| What are some of the past traditions of Aboriginal people? |
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Definition
Semi-nomadic life
People & place connection
Spiritual belief
Sacred sites
Kinship & family
Hierarchical society
Skin name
Gender roles
Sharing
Publicly mourning death |
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Term
| How do learning styles of the Aboriginal people typically differ to Western society? |
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Definition
| There is a greater emphasis on imitation/modelling, children tend to process information by observing until such time as they feel confident - will only then attempt, little competition, but large sense of shame, work well in group formats (emphasis on sharing) |
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Term
| What are some key aspects of Aboriginal communication style? |
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Definition
| No eye contact (sign of respect), no invasion of space, no direct questions, no titles or names used, greet elders first in group situations, distress shown in non-verbal ways, gender roles heavily influence appropriate conversation topics, importance of self-disclosure (you must introduce yourself first) |
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Term
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Definition
| The Aboriginal concept of well-being, located in the stomach. Seen as the centre of all emotion. |
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Term
| What are some common health issues faced by Aboriginal peoples? |
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Definition
Alcohol & substance abuse
Domestic violence
Child sexual abuse (long term effects)
Depression, suicide, self-harm (second most common cause of death)
Psychosocial issues (feuds/conflicts) |
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Term
| What are cultural bound syndromes? Give examples for the Aboriginal people? |
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Definition
Culturally driven health phenomena, need to be addressed by cultural means
- Longing for the country (manifest as depression)
- Seeing spirits (manifest as psychosis)
- Curses (manifest as paranoia)
- Self harm (culturally appropriate mourning)
- Suicide (copy cat phenomena)
- Acculturative stress (having to move to more urban setting) |
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Term
| What are some of the barriers for Aboriginal people seeking help for mental health issues? |
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Definition
- Limited knowledge (no familiarity w/ hospital setting)
- Distance
- Services not consistent with needs (practical issues may need to come first)
- Social/cultural factors
- Services are usually sought as a last resort
- Shame
- Concern over patient being taken away |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of referring people to mental health providers within Aboriginal communities. Sometimes referrals can be second/third hand, may involve family speaking to elder and elder speaking to GP, who involves the psychologist, information fed indirectly back to family through chain. |
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Term
| What are some key points in interviewing an Aboriginal child? |
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Definition
- Become familiar with child first (play games etc.)
- Sit side by side
- Give child ample time to reply to questions
- Note that child may be very shy
- Use a cultural consultant if needed
- Always be mindful of gender differences |
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Term
| What are some key aspects of interviewing an Aboriginal adult? |
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Definition
- Allow client to select venue
- Greet elders first (usually others attend)
- Greet with loose handshake
- Always start with self-disclosure (at length)
- Cover confidentiality issues
- Men & women to sit separately
- Sit side by side
- Ask hinting questions (never direct)
- Ensure questions relating to men's/women's business asked by appropriate gender practitioner/cultural consultant |
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Term
| What are the four key aspects to the theory of relationship initiation (attraction theory)? |
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Definition
Proximity
Physical attractiveness
Reciprocity
Similarity |
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Term
| What is Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love? |
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Definition
| Triangle of three components: intimacy, passion & commitment - differing levels of each will dictate the kind of relationship (high on all - consummate love, low on all - non love, high commitment but low on passion and intimacy - empty love) |
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Term
| What were Lee's Colours of Love? |
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Definition
Used factor analysis to find love 'symptoms', men and women sorted 1500 cards outlining love related events -> Primary & Secondary colours of love:
Primary
- Eros (immediate sexual attraction)
- Storge
- Ludus (games)
Secondary
- Pragma
- Mania
- Agape |
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Term
| According to Mary Ainsworth what are the three attachment styles in children and what behaviours are typical of them during the stranger situation? |
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Definition
Anxious-Ambivalent - very upset at parent leaving, clingy with stranger, very upset at parent return, very clingy with parent
Secure - slightly upset with parent leaving, interaction ok with stranger during absence, happy to have parent back, eager to share discoveries
Avoidant - does not notice parent leaving or coming back and refuses to engage stranger OR VERY upset with parent leaving, unable to be consoled even upon their return |
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Term
| What research did Hazan & Shaver do? What were the results? |
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Definition
| Looked into the 3 attachment styles as proposed by Ainsworth and their relevance to adulthood. After advertising in the paper, found that 55% adults were secure, 25% avoidant and 20% anxious attachment. |
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Term
| Explain the Mikulincer & Shaver model of adult attachment activation and function? |
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Definition
At the perception of a threat (another person, a fight), your primary attachment system is activated. Fist response is to seek proximity to the attachment figure (looking for a secure psychological base). This can be either internalised (if physical person not available) or external (if available). If the person is available you are able to resolve your issue and move on.
If not available - first choice is to seek physical proximity.
If not available - you find a way to deactivate and remove all sense of emotion from the situation --> AVOIDANT
If available - hyper activation of attachment system which positively enforces your response (cling) --> ANXIOUS |
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Term
| How can your adult attachment style impact on communication? |
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Definition
You preference can impact on disclosure (related to trust and commitment).
Can also impact on what attributions you make (how do you interpret the actions of your partner?) |
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Term
| What is the dimensional view of attachment? |
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Definition
There are two dimensions of attachment and everyone has a level of both.
1. Anxious
2. Avoidant
Low on both - secure
High anxiety/low avoidant -positive view of other, negative view of self
High avoidant/low anxiety - positive view of self, negative view of other
High/High - negative view of both |
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Term
| How can we assess attachment? |
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Definition
AAQ, ECR (MAIN - self report questionnaires)
Adult Attachment Interview (not main way - requires training) |
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Term
| Explain Caryl Rusbolt's Investment Model |
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Definition
A model which looks at commitment and why people stay together. Looks at relationships in terms of what outcomes can be achieved.
Three elements work together to enable commitment
1. Satisfaction (rewards vs. costs vs. comparison level)
2. Quality of alternatives (comparison level)
3. Investment
Which then goes on to predict
5. Commitment
and
6. Stability of relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory of personality involving categorical/distinct personality types |
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Term
| Explain Hippocrates' type personality theory |
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Definition
4 humours
1. Sanguine - blood - optimistic
2. Phlegmatic - calm - phlegm
3. Choleric - irritable - yellow bile
4. Melancholic - depressed - black bile |
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Term
| Explain Sheldon's theory of personality |
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Definition
Sheldon believed that people fit into one of three body categories based on the three layers of an embryo
1. Endomorph - overweight, relaxed, sociable
2. Ectomorph - skinny, quite, fragile
3. Mesomorph - muscular, active, assertive |
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Term
| What was Meyer Friedman's theory of personality |
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Definition
Dr - cardiologist - noticed chairs in his waiting room were fraying at the edges, proposed two personality types
1. Type A - driven, anxious, prone to heart attacks
2. Type B - relaxed, easy going |
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Term
| What is the nomothetic view of personality traits? |
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Definition
| Dominant view. Belief that traits are universal (the same across individuals) thus allowing for comparisons to be made. |
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Term
| What is the idiographic view of personality traits? |
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Definition
| NOT dominant view. Traits are idiosyncratic, differ across individuals thus not allowing for direct comparisons. |
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Term
| Explain Eysenck's theory of trait personality? How was it developed. |
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Definition
| Eysenck proposed the three SUPERTRAITS of E, N and psychoticism (detachment from people). These traits were identified by looking at personality characteristics outlined in various ancient texts. Used factor analysis to REFINE his list of traits. Believed that super traits were fed by component traits. |
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Term
| How are personality traits developed according to Eysenck? |
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Definition
| Situations will illicit situational responses (SR). Over time, these SR will combine to form a habitual response (HR). HR lead to the development of a component trait which in turn feeds into an overarching supertrait. |
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Term
| Explain Wiggins' trait personality theory. |
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Definition
| Not an overly popular theory. Proposed two core traits of LOVE and DOMINANCE, combination of the two leads to individual differences. |
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Term
| Explain Allport's trait theory of personality? |
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Definition
Allport suggested 3 levels of traits.
1. Secondary traits (everyone has many)
2. Central traits (5-10 core traits that you are defined by)
3. Cardinal trait (the ultimate 1 trait you develop, not everyone will develop one) |
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Term
| How did Raymond Cattell contribute to trait personality theory? |
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Definition
| Used an empirical approach to narrow down list of traits from 4500 words in dictionary. Looked for synonyms and assumed those words with more synonyms will indicate more important qualities. Came up with 16PF |
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Term
| What are the two higher order traits proposed to be encompassed by the FFM? |
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Definition
Socialisation (N C A)
Personal Growth (E O) |
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Term
| What is the association like between personality theory and behavioural prediction? |
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Definition
Historically there has been a very low correlation between personality traits and prediction of behaviour.
SITUATIONALISM - major attack against trait theory, believed that it was characteristics of the situation that more heavily influenced behaviour.
Low associations were however seen to result from poor measuring techniques (self-report). |
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Term
| What moderating variables have been proposed to account for the low correlation between personality traits and behaviour? |
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Definition
1. Aggregation - better to look at multiple examples of behaviour
2. Interactionism - can be interaction of both situation and personality effecting outcome (if strong situation, may not leave room for individual differences due to personality to be shown)
3. Consistency - people vary in the strengths of their dispositions and in their consistency of specific traits |
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Term
| Is the FFM culturally universal? |
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Definition
| It has been supported in most cultures (except Black African cultures, who have slightly different factors). Variability exists in how people report themselves in others, particularly more so in Western nations. Data largely confirms a universality of trait psychology. |
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Term
| At what age does IQ stabilise? |
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Definition
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Term
| What criteria did Binet use for the initial creation of his items for the French Government school's test? |
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Definition
- Common sense
- Part of daily life
- Separates the bright from the dull
- Practicality of administration |
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Term
| Explain details of the 1905 Binet-Simon IQ Test |
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Definition
Test of generalised intelligence, looked for tasks that could be completed by 66-75% of children.
30 item test in ascending difficulty level.
Categorised disabilities as
IDIOT (most severe, could complete physical tasks only), IMBECILE (middle, completed verbal tasks only) and
MORON (mild)
Only normed on 50 children, no validity testing |
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Term
| Explain details of the 1908 Binet-Simon IQ Test |
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Definition
58 items, now arranged in age scale
Droppsed simple items, added more hard items
Tested on 203 children
Added calculation of MENTAL AGE |
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Term
| What is Spearman's 2 Factor Theory? |
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Definition
2 FACOTS - GENERAL AND SPECIFIC
Analysed different intellectual tasks --> suggested that all items overlapped into GENERAL intelligence, whereas some tasks correlated together more strongly and suggested a specific ability |
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Term
| How did Cattell categorise intelligence? |
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Definition
| Into CRYSTALLISED (concrete - learned) or FLUID (innate) general intelligence |
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Term
| What happens to intelligence as we age? |
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Definition
| All different forms of intelligence follow slightly different trajectories. The only thing we lose is FLUID intelligence. |
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Term
| Explain details of the 1916 Stanford-Binet IQ Test |
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Definition
Louis Terman worked at Stanford, revised the Binet-Simon IQ test.
Adjusted and normed the test against a US population, added items for adults.
Introduced use of the intelligence quotient (now allowed for direct comparisons between students)
PROBEM: only allowed for an upper MA of 19.5, all scores normed to this level. |
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Term
| Explain details of the 1937 Stanford-Binet |
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Definition
Increased mental age to 22 years 10 months (added items)
Normed and standardised against 3000 people |
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Term
| Explain details of the 1960 Stanford-Binet |
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Definition
5 categories
Deviation IQ concept solved variability issue (until now, different age groups had different SDs, did not allow for comparison) |
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Term
| Explain details of the 2003 Stanford-Binet |
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Definition
| Following additional versions released in 1972 & 1986, the test reverted back to 1960 format. Updated the test, added additional items, now could be used for ages 2-85. Normed from 4800 people (stratified sample). Demonstrated high validity and reliability. |
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Term
| Why did Wechsler create his own intelligence tests? |
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Definition
Agued that IQ is global capacity of individual to act purposefully, think rationally and deal with environment.
Objected to S-B perspective on key points:
1. Questioned the use of a single score
2. Questioned use of scale for adults
3. Questioned emphasis on speed
4. Questioned application of mental age for adults |
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Term
| What are the three Wechsler IQ tests? What age ranges do they serve? |
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Definition
WAIS - Adults - 16+
WISC - Children - 7-16
WIPPSI - Young children - 3-6 |
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Term
| How did the WAIS deviate from the Binet tests? |
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Definition
Introduced a point scale (believed you should be able to get part marks)
Included a performance scale (non-verbal, aimed to overcome bias) |
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Term
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Definition
| There are 2 subsets - VERBAL and PERFORMANCE each made up of 7 tasks. Each subset produces a raw score which is standardised to a mean of 10 and a SD of 3 |
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Term
| How does the WIPPSI differ to the WISC and WAIS? |
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Definition
| There are practice sets, designed to get children used to the test and reduce anxiety. |
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Term
| What was Jung's theory of type personality? |
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Definition
| People were either introverts or extroverts |
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Term
| What are some of the major changes that occur in older adulthood? |
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Definition
Marriages changing - death of spouse, retirement (husband under foot syndrome)
Parenting - "empty nest", grand parenting role
Health - decline, awareness of mortality, dementia
Social relations - change to social networks (retirement, relocation, loss of close friends)
Finances - retirement
Work - retirement, work disability/injury |
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Term
| What was Cohen's addition to psychosocial stages at proposed by Erickson? |
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Definition
Erickson's stages greatly focused on childhood/early adulthood, and only had "Middle Age" and "Later Life" as older adulthood stages. Cohen believed there was more happening in these stages so proposed changes. The new stages include:
1. Midlife Evaluation (striving for meaning - midlife crisis, 40-50)
2. Liberation (new personal freedom, seek new experiences, 60-70)
3. Summing Up (search for meaning, looking back, volunteering,70+)
4. Encore (desire for final statement, take care of unfinished business 80+) |
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Term
| How does cognitive decline differ in normal ageing to abnormal cognitive decline? |
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Definition
| Normal decline - tends to be for recent events, retention of remote events, minor memory lapses common 60+, crystallised intelligence INCREASES, fluid intelligence declines from mid-20s. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dementia - impairment of memory and other intellectual functions which goes beyond that expected by normal ageing process, progressive decline, irreversible disease process |
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Term
| What did Brayne (2014) study tell us about dementia? |
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Definition
| Two surveys of dementia numbers in the UK, 20 years apart. Found that numbers of dementia patients were significant less than prediction at second survey. People were developing dementia later in life. Proposed mechanism due to increased education and mental stimulation throughout adulthood. |
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Term
| What are the common causes of dementia? |
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Definition
Alzheimer's - MOST COMMON
Mixed AD and VaD
Frontotemporal dementia
Lewy Body Dementia
Tumours
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Vitamin deficiency
Endocrine disease
Limbic encephalitis |
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Term
| How was Alzheimer's first discovered? |
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Definition
| Discovered by Alois Alzheimer - his patient Auguste Dete had symptoms including memory impairment, poor judgement, language difficulties, hallucinations (early onset) |
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Term
| What are the physiological impacts of Alzheimer's? |
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Definition
Presence of beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles at autopsy.
MRI studies have shown loss of 2.8% brain volume (normal is 0.2-0.4%)
Hippocampus typically first affected |
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Term
| What are the stages of Alzheimer's? |
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Definition
Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Poor memory but able to perform daily tasks
- 10-20% convert to AD within a year, majority by 5 yrs
Mild-Moderate Dementia
- Worsening memory and attention, little new info retained, confusion, disorientation, language issues, unable to perform daily tasks, difficulty cognising people/objects
- Marked decline in insight
Advanced Dementia
- Marked, global loss in all executive functioning
- Incoherent, or totally mute |
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Term
| What are the steps involved in assessing older adults for dementia? |
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Definition
1. Review of medical records
2. Interview with patient
3. Interview significant other (v. important, pt may not have insight)
4. Behavioural/qualitative observations
5. Formal cognitive testing |
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Term
| What are some important general considerations when performing cognitive testing/interviews with older adults? |
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Definition
- Presence of sensory impairments
- Adequate time
- Presence of pain?
- Correct tests selected (appropriate age based norms)
- Assess pre-morbid functioning
- Any relevant cultural factors (English as 2nd language) |
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Term
| What are some ways we can control cognitive ageing? |
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Definition
- Education
- Omega 3s
- Diet rich in antioxidants
- Socially active lifestyle
- Engage in cognitively challenging tasks
- Develop and hold pos attitudes towards ageing |
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Term
| What are some risk factors for depression in older age? |
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Definition
- Female sex
- Unmarried
- Stressful life event
- Low social support
- Coexisting medical conditions
- Medications (BB)
- Limited education |
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Term
| Why is depression under diagnosed and under treated in older age? |
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Definition
- Changes misdiagnosed as side effects of medications/illness
- Up to 80% do not report
- Symptoms attributed to dementia
- Older adults may not describe themselves as depressed (more likely to report loss of pleasure, concentration issues, poor appetite, sleep etc.) |
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Term
| What is the Gold Standard for assessing depression in older adults? Why? |
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Definition
| The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Yes/No scale, not confusing, more emphasis placed on cognitive than somatic complaints, very quick to complete, has good psychometric properties |
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Term
| What is the prevalence of suicide in older adulthood? |
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Definition
| It is actually more frequent in this age group. 75% of adults who commit suicide even attend to see a GP within a month. Money issues and physical health main reasons. Suicide in older age more lethal. |
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Term
| What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders in older adulthood? What are the risk factors? |
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Definition
5% in the >65 years
Prevalence declines with increasing age (immunity)
More prevalent in older adults with health problems
More prevalent in females
Generally starts in early life and continues on, rare for initial onset to be in later life. |
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Term
| Why is older adulthood anxiety disorder difficult to diagnose? |
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Definition
High comorbidity with depression
Symptoms can mirror neurocognitive changes associated with dementia
Somatic symptoms may overlap with illness/medication side effects |
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Term
| What is the Gold Standard for assessing anxiety in older adults? |
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Definition
Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI)
- overcomes shortcomings of other inventories as items are better worded, brief scale, yes/no format, minimal somatic symptoms |
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Term
| What treatments have been shown to be most successful for older adult anxiety disorder? |
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Definition
CBT - shown effective but requires adjustment of program as arduous homework tasks not appropriate
Medications - SSRIs in particular shown to be effective |
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Term
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Definition
| The hidden patients - profound impact of caring for loved one - practical, behavioural, interpersonal and social implications |
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Term
| What are some factors that impact on the perceived burden for caregivers? |
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Definition
Their skills
Their coping skills
Being firm in directing relative's behaviour
Family and other social support |
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Term
| What were the results of the Australian study on carer stress? |
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Definition
107 carers recruited via GP and AD Association
61% reported caring effected their health
Compared with control, 46% more visits to GP, 71% more prescribed medications, higher BP and increased clotting, higher NA levels
Related effects such as anxiety, depression, stress, fear of the future, lack of time for self and others, loss of control |
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Term
| How can you assess carer stress? |
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Definition
Interview - obtain collateral information if required (if suspicious of denial)
Formal questionnaires available (Zarit Burden Interview)
Monitor their stress over time |
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Term
| What is the role of psychologists in assisting carers? |
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Definition
Six Es
1. Education
2. Empower
3. Environmental (comfort, protection)
4. Engage (facilitate strutted activities for carer and pt)
5. Engergise (respite where needed)
6. End points (discuss) |
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Term
| What are aptitude, ability and achievement tests? |
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Definition
Aptitude - prediction of future behaviour, aptitude to develop skill in specific area
Ability - prediction of future behaviour, measures innate ability
Achievement - assessment of knowledge AFTER formal education |
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Term
| When should an ability test be administered? |
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Definition
When suspected intellectual impairment, or want to rule out the possibility
When child is experiencing some kind of functional difficulty, or you suspect the child is gifted (RARELY) |
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Term
| What are some examples of ability tests? |
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Definition
Barley Scales (Infant)
Wechsler Scales
Universal NONVERBAL Intelligence Test (UNIT)
Stanford-Binet |
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Term
| How are results from ability tests used (e.g. WISC)? |
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Definition
Used to first answer the referral question
Used to produce a report which includes recommendations
Used to provide feedback to those involved
Used to help school and parents implement recommendations |
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Term
| What are the average score ranges on the WAIS? |
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Definition
Raw scores - 7 - 13
Standard - 85-115 |
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Term
| What are some examples of achievement tests? |
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Definition
Weshcler Individual Achievement Test - WIAT (4-85)
Woodcock Johnson (2-90) (looks at more than WIAT, browns down into subtests) |
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Term
| When should achievement tests be administered? |
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Definition
To work out why a child is having problems getting good grades
Determine presence of specific learning disorder |
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Term
| How are achievement tests used to determine learning disorders? |
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Definition
| The standard score on the achievement test is significantly lower than standard score on cognitive ability test AND difficulty is not due to sensory or cognitive ability issues/environment |
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Term
| How do you administer an ability test? |
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Definition
Standardised instructions, ideally one setting
Some rules cannot be broken - ie. no praise given to children, cannot tell them if answer is right/wrong |
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Term
| What is a normal score on the WIAT? |
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Definition
| 40 - 160 on each of four areas |
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Term
| What is an example of an aptitude test? |
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Definition
Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) (grades 7-12)
Produces a percentile rank |
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