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Indicators of Normal/Abnormal Development
Springer - Social Work ASWB Master's Exam
27
Social Work
Post-Graduate
08/19/2019

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Cards

Term
Child Development
Definition
- he physical, mental, and socioemotional changes that occur between birth and the end of adolescence, as a child progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy
- Individuals do not progress at the same rate
- developmental changes may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life
- genetics and prenatal development are usually included as part of the study of child development
Term
Child Development
Infants and Toddlers (Age 0–3)

Healthy Growth and Development
Definition
Physical—grows at a rapid rate, especially brain size

Mental—learns through senses, exploring, playing, communicates by crying, babbling, then “baby talk,” simple sentences

Social–emotional—seeks to build trust in others, dependent, beginning to develop a sense of self
Term
Child Development
Infants and Toddlers (Age 0–3)

Key Health Care Issues
Definition
Communication—provide security, physical closeness; promote healthy parent–child bonds

Health—keep immunizations/checkups on schedule; provide proper nutrition, sleep, skin care, oral health, routine screenings

Safety—ensure a safe environment for exploring, playing, sleeping
Term
Child Development
Infants and Toddlers (Age 0–3)

Examples of age-specific care for infants and toddlers
Definition
Examples of age-specific care for infants and toddlers:

Involve child and parent(s) in care during feeding, diapering, and bathing

Provide safe toys and opportunities for play

Encourage child to communicate—smile, talk softly to him or her

Help parent(s) learn about proper child care
Term
Child Development
Young Children (Age 4–6)

Healthy Growth and Development
Definition
Physical—grows at a slower rate; improving motor skills; dresses self, toilet trained

Mental—begins to use symbols; improving memory; vivid imagination, fears; likes stories

Social–Emotional—identifies with parent(s); becomes more independent; sensitive to others’ feelings
Term
Child Development
Young Children (Age 4–6)

Key Health Care Issues
Definition
Communication—give praise, rewards, clear rules

Health—keep immunizations/checkups on schedule; promote healthy habits (good nutrition, personal hygiene, etc.)

Safety—promote safety habits (use bike helmets, safety belts, etc.)
Term
Child Development
Young Children (Age 4–6)

Examples of age-specific care for young children
Definition
Examples of age-specific care for young children
Term
Child Development
Older Children (Age 7–12)

Healthy Growth and Development
Definition
Physical—grows slowly until a “spurt” at puberty

Mental—understands cause and effect, can read, write, do math; active, eager learner

Social–Emotional—develops greater sense of self; focuses on school activities, negotiates for greater independence
Term
Child Development
Older Children (Age 7–12)

Key Health Care Issues
Definition
Communication—help child to feel competent, useful

Health—keep immunizations/checkups on schedule; give information on alcohol, tobacco, other drugs, sexuality

Safety—promote safety habits (playground safety, resolving conflicts peacefully, etc.)
Term
Child Development
Older Children (Age 7–12)

Examples of age-specific care for older children
Definition
Allow child to make some care decisions (in which arm do you want vaccination?)

Build self-esteem—ask child to help you do a task, recognize his or her achievements, and so on

Guide child in making healthy, safe lifestyle choices

Help parent(s) talk with child about peer pressure, sexuality, alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs
Term
Adolescent Development
Definition
- development of children ages 13 through 18 years old is a critical time
- children develop the ability to understand abstract ideas, such as higher math concepts, and develop moral philosophies
- children move toward a more mature sense of themselves and their purpose
Term
Adolescent Development

Healthy Growth and Development
Definition
Physical—grows in spurts; matures physically; able to reproduce

Mental—becomes an abstract thinker (goes beyond simple solutions, can consider many options, etc.); chooses own values

Social–Emotional—develops own identity; builds close relationships; tries to balance peer group with family interests; concerned about appearances, challenges authority
Term
Adolescent Development

Key Health Care Issues
Definition
Communication—provide acceptance, privacy; build teamwork, respect

Health—encourage regular checkups; promote sexual responsibility; advise against substance abuse; update immunizations

Safety—discourage risk-taking (promote safe driving, violence prevention, etc.)
Term
Adolescent Development

Examples of age-specific care for adolescents
Definition
Treat more as an adult than child—avoid authoritarian approaches

Show respect—be considerate of how treatment may affect relationships

Guide teen in making positive lifestyle choices (i.e., correct misinformation from teen’s peers)

Encourage open communication between parent(s), teen, and peers
Term
Adult Development
Definition
Adult development refers to the changes that occur in biological, psychological, and interpersonal domains of human life from the end of adolescence until the end of life. These changes may be gradual or rapid, and can reflect positive, negative, or no change from previous levels of functioning.
Term
Adult Development
Young Adults (Age 18–35)

Healthy Growth and Development
Definition
Physical—reaches physical and sexual maturity, nutritional needs are for maintenance, not growth

Mental—acquires new skills, information; uses these to solve problems

Social–Emotional—Seeks closeness with others; sets career goals; chooses lifestyle, community; starts own family
Term
Adult Development
Young Adults (Age 18–35)

Key Health Care Issues
Definition
Communication—be supportive and honest; respect personal values

Health—encourage regular checkups; promote healthy lifestyle (proper nutrition, exercise, weight, etc.); inform about health risks (heart disease, cancer, etc.); update immunizations

Safety—provide information on hazards at home, work
Term
Adult Development
Young Adults (Age 18–35)

Examples of age-specific care for young adults
Definition
Support the person in making health care decisions

Encourage healthy and safe habits at work and home

Recognize commitments to family, career, community (time, money, etc.)
Term
Adult Development
Middle Age Adults (Age 36–64)

Healthy Growth and Development
Definition
Physical—begins to age; experiences menopause (women); may develop chronic health problems

Mental—uses life experiences to learn, create, solve problems

Social–Emotional—hopes to contribute to future generations; stays productive, avoids feeling “stuck” in life; balances dreams with reality; plans retirement; may care for children and parents
Term
Adult Development
Middle Age Adults (Age 36–64)

Key Health Care Issues
Definition
Communication—keep a hopeful attitude; focus on strengths, not limitations

Health—encourage regular checkups and preventive exams; address age-related changes; monitor health risks; update immunizations

Safety—address age-related changes (effects on sense, reflexes, etc.)
Term
Adult Development
Middle Age Adults (Age 36–64)

Examples of age-specific care for middle adults
Definition
Address worries about future—encourage talking about feelings, plans, and so on

Recognize the person’s physical, mental, and social abilities/contributions

Help with plans for a healthy active retirement
Term
Adult Development
Older Adults (Age 65–79)

Healthy Growth and Development
Definition
Physical—ages gradually; natural decline in some physical abilities, senses

Mental—continues to be an active learner, thinker; memory skills may start to decline

Social–Emotional—takes on new roles (grandparent, widow or widower, etc.); balances independence, dependence; reviews life
Term
Adult Development
Older Adults (Age 65–79)

Key Health Care Issues
Definition
Communication—give respect, prevent isolation, encourage acceptance of aging

Health—monitor health closely; promote physical, mental, social activity; guard against depression, apathy; update immunizations

Safety—promote home safety; especially preventing falls
Term
Adult Development
Older Adults (Age 65–79)

Examples of age-specific care for older adults:
Definition
Encourage the person to talk about feelings of loss, grief, and achievements

Provide information, materials, and so on, to make medication use and home safe

Provide support for coping with any impairments (avoid making assumptions about loss of abilities)

Encourage social activity with peers, as a volunteer, and so on
Term
Adult Development
Elders (Age 80 and Older)

Healthy Growth and Development
Definition
Physical—continues to decline in physical abilities; at increasing risk for chronic illness, major health problems

Mental—continues to learn; memory skills and/or speed of learning may decline; confusion often signals illness or medication problem

Social–Emotional—accepts end of life and personal losses; lives as independently as possible
Term
Adult Development
Elders (Age 80 and Older)

Key Health Care Issues
Definition
Communication—encourage the person to express feelings, thoughts, avoid despair; use humor, stay positive

Health—monitor health closely, promote self-care; ensure proper nutrition, activity level, rest; reduce stress, update immunizations

Safety—prevent injury, ensure safe living environment
Term
Adult Development
Elders (Age 80 and Older)

Examples of age-specific care for adults ages 80 and older:
Definition
Encourage independence—provide physical, mental, and social activities

Support end-of-life decisions—provide information, resources, and so on

Assist the person in self-care—promote medication safety; provide safety grips, ramps, and so on
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