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| Period during the 1960s and 70s when technologically enhanced grops and cropping methods improved production dramatically in India. |
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| One of India's two main languages. (Other is English) |
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| Main religion of India. Originated from the fusion of Indo-Aryans from Persia and Dravidians. |
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| Practice of contracting with an outside company in order to provide a service or product that otherwise might be too expensive, complicated, or time-consuming for the institution to do internally. |
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| Group at bottom of India's caste system's hierarchy. |
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| Untouchables or outcastes. |
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| Religion combining Hindu and Muslim beliefs. |
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| Muslim invaders who were descendants of Genghis Khan and ruled a relatively unified India for several hundred years beginning in the 16th century. |
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| Strategy used by the (British) East India Company where Mughal governorships were established with British merchant advisers at their side. This greatly faciliated the plundering of Indian wealth and resources. |
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| A revolt occuring in 1857-58 sponsored by the Indian aristocracy and carried out by Indian sepoys, or soldiers employed by the British. |
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| Indian National Congress (INC) |
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| One of the two local organizations which came to embody the anti-colonial movement against Britain in India. Founded in 1885. |
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| One of the two local organizations which came to embody the anti-colonial movement against Britain in India. Founded in 1906. |
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| British-trained lawyer who lead the INC and the entire Indian independence movement. |
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| Ghandi's successor as the INC's leader. |
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| Creation of Pakistan as a Muslim-dominated nation and India as a Hindu-dominated nation in 1947. |
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| Jawaharlal Nehru's daughter who became India's first woman prime minister. (No relation to Mahatma) |
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| Gandhi's suspension of the constituion and declaration of martial law in 1975. Result of decling support, charges of corruption and calls to step down from power. |
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| Gandhi's state-level equivalent of emergency rule in the state of Punjab in 1984. Reaction against violent Sikhs demanded devolution of central authority. |
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| Area of Golden Temple, Sikhism's holiest shrine. Location where Ghandi launched a military operation during Presidential rule. |
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| Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) |
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| INC's strongest competition. Party with the potential for nationwide scope and appeal. Has always been able to articulate a Hindu nationalist vision. |
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| City in north India containing Babri Mosque - built by Mughals on a site alleged to be the birthplace of a major Hindu god. Location of recent sectarian violence as the area is deemed sacred by Muslims and Hindus. |
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| Indian state where in 2002 Muslims set fire to railcars carrying Hindu activists back from a ceremony at Ayodhya. (10th year anniversary of sectarian violence in Ayodhya where Hindus destroyed a Mosque). |
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| Italian-born widow of Rajiv Gandhi who leads the INC. |
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| India's first Sikh prime minister. |
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| Lok Sabha (House of the People) |
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| Lower house that dominates India's bicameral legislature. |
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| Lok Rajya (House of States) |
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| The upper house in India's bicameral legislature that represents twenty-eight states and seven territories. |
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| Only region of India with a Muslim majority. |
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| Term used to describe what unites all Hindus in the sense of Hindu nationalism. |
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| Import-substitution industrialization |
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| Policy of mercantilist nationalism used by mainly INC governments in India for nearly four decades. |
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| India's mercantilist holdover requiring licensing and approval process for operating a business and importing and exporting products. |
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| Islamic Fundamentalism (Islamism) |
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| An approach to the faith marked by a belief that literal interpretation of the faith should be the basis of the political regime. |
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| Religious leader who led the 1979 Islamic Revolution was Iran's Supreme leader until his death in 1988. |
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| The main spiritual text of Islam. |
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| Minority form of Islam that differs in its belief in the rightful religious heir of Muhammad. Form of Islam practiced by a majority of Iranians. |
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| Former Iranian president from 1997-2005. Considered a reformist, many expected Iran to westernize while he ruled, however, no serious reform was made. |
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| Official language of Iran. |
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| Official name of Iran until 1935. |
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| Islamic law - basis of Iran's legal system. |
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| High-ranking title given to Shi'a clerics. |
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| Elected assembly that drew up Iran's first constitution and legislative body. Demanded by religious and business leaders in 1906. |
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| Reza Shah Pahlavi (Reza Khan) |
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| Shah of Iran from 1925-41 who overthrew the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty. |
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| Prime Minister of Iran from 1951-53. Nationalized oil and provoked British anger. |
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| Operation where U.S. and British forces overthrew Mosaddeq and the power was reconcentrated in the shah's hands. |
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| Reforms begun by the Iranian governmen t in 1963 that included land reform, literacy campaigns, privatization of state-run industries and women's rights. Strong opposed by radical Muslim leaders. |
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| Dominant executive in Iran's government. Position was created for Khomeini following the revolution as an expression of his charismatic power. Most powerful office in Iran. |
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| Iran governmental body that elects the supreme leader and has the power to remove him for failure to uphold his religious duty or incompetence. |
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| Iran's supreme leader since 1989. Considered by most to be less charismatic as Khomeini. |
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| Iranian body made up of twelve individuals who serve six-year terms. Has power to veto all legislation that drives from the Majlis. |
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| Iranian body made up of members appointed by the supreme leader. Mediates legislation that the Council of guardians cannot revise. |
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| Iran paramilitary force originated in the 1979 revolution. Plays important role in defending regimes against opponents, fought in Iran-Iraq war and continues to influence Iranian politics, both domestic and international. |
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| Iran group that serves in public works (disaster relief, civil projects, etc.) and also serves as a public-morals police force. Violently ended recent student protests. |
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| Group formed to contest the 2000 Majlis elections. Comprised of the Servants of Construction Party and other reform groups. |
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| Iranian concept of community. Iran theocracy dictates that its members are expected to act as a unified group that embodied and served the revolution. |
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| Approach to Islam favored by conservative (rather than radical) Muslims, which favors keeping politics and religion at a distance in certain instances and calls for Western economic policies while maintaining a strict approach to social/moral issues. |
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| Parastatal foundations in Iran with the purpose of helping the disadvantaged (war veterans and the poor). |
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| System in which human beings are no longer part of isolated communities that are themselves linked through narrow channels of diplomatic relations or trade. |
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| Multinational corporations (MNCs) |
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| Firms that produce, distribute, and market their goods or serives in more than one country. |
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| Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) |
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| National and international groups, independent of any state, that purse policy objectives and foster public participation. |
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| Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) |
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| Groups created by states to serve particular policy ends. |
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| Foreign Direct Investment |
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| The purchase of assets in a country by a foreign firm. |
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