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| court held that one could be said to have abetted a crime (encouraged during the act) just by being at the scene, if they actively encouraged the crime or profited from it |
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| someone can be charged as a secondary party even if the principle offender is acquitted |
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| the defendant must be have knowledge that the principal would be committing the offence of that type |
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| court held that procuring is to bring about through endeavour and there did not have to be intent, only a causal link between the act and the unlawful consequence |
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| party can be liable as a secondary party even if they did not have intent but were only reckless as to the commission of an offence, if reckless alone can suffice for that particular offence |
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| A secondary party will be held liable if he had some foreknowledge of an offence, even if he didn't know the specifics of that offence |
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| No liability for attempting an impossible offence |
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| patting someone on the back and saying “oh goody” might be enough to constitute counselling a crime |
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| When a joint principle departs from a common purpose, the other principles will be held liable if it was foreseeable that they'd commit those acts with the requisite mens rea |
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| Liability for attempting an impossible crime, if they believe they are actually committing the crime |
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| Providing information will incur liability for a crime |
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| a secondary party will be liable for any strange consequences of the joint enterprise even if it is not foreseen |
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| test as to whether a defendant actually tried to commit the crime or whether they were just taking preparatory steps |
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| liability for conspiracy would arise even where the offence committed was just a contingency |
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only need to prove recklessness as to endangerment of life… recklessness of a consequence sufficed
BUT FOR ATTEMPTED MURDER YOU NEED TO PROVE THAT THE DEFENDANT HAD THE INTENTION TO KILL |
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