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| A test that excludes the variable being investigated in a scientific experiment. |
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| An educated guess or a reasonable explanation. When the hypothesis can be tested by experiment, it qualifies as a scientific hypothesis. |
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| A general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted. Also known as a principle. |
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| Principle of falsifiability |
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Definition
| For a hypothesis to be considered scientific it must be testable--it must, in principle, be capable of being proven wrong. |
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| A theory or practice that is considered to be without scientific foundation but purports to use the methods of science. |
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| The collective findings of humans about nature, and a process of gathering and organizing knowledge about nature. |
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| An orderly method for gaining, organizing, and applying new knowledge. |
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| The means of solving practical problems by applying the findings of science. |
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| A synthesis of a larger body of information that encompasses well-tested hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world. |
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| The rate at which velocity changes with time; the change in velocity may be in magnitude, or in direction, or in both. It is usually measured in m/s2. |
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| The force of friction acting on an object due to its motion through air. |
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| A measure of mass per volume for a substance. |
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| The vector sum of forces acting on a nonaccelerating object equals zer0. |
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| Simply stated, a push or a pull. |
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| Motion under the influence of gravitational pull only. |
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| The resistive force that opposes the motion or attempted motion of an object through a fluid or past another object with which it is in contact. |
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| The property of things to resist changes in motion. |
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| The unit of mass. One kilogram (symbol kg) is the mass of 1 liter (symbol L) of water at 4C. |
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| The quantity of matter in an object. |
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| The combination of all forces that act on an object. |
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| The scientific unit of force. |
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| The distance traveled per unit of time. |
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| The force that supports an object against gravity, often called the normal force. |
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| A quantity that specifies direction as well as magnitude. |
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| The speed of an object with specification of its direction of motion. |
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| Simply stated, the force of gravity on an object. |
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Definition
| In the absence of external work input or output, the energy of a system remains unchanged. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. |
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| Conservation of energy and machines |
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Definition
| The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input. |
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| In the absence of an external force, the momentum of a system remains unchanged. |
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| The percentage of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output. |
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| A collision in which colliding objects rebound without lasting deformation or the generation of heat. |
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| The property of a system that enables it to do work. |
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| The product of the force acting on an object and the time during which it acts. |
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| A collision in which the colliding objects become distorted, generate heat, and possibly stick together. |
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| The SI unit of energy and work, equivalent to a newton-meter. |
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| Energy of motion, described by the relationship. |
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| The product of the mass of an object and its velocity. |
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| The stored energy that a body possesses because of its position. |
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| the time rate of work: Power= work/time |
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| Relationship of impulse and momentum |
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Definition
| Impulse is equal to the change in the momentum of the object upon which the impulse acts. |
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Definition
| The product of the force and the distance through which the force moves. |
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| The work done on an object equals the change in kinetic energy of the object. |
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| Relatively thin life-supporting stratum of the earth's surface, extending from a few miles into the atmosphere to the deep-sea vents of the oceans. The biosphere is a global ecosystem |
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| Complex of living organisms, their physical environment, and all their interrelationships in a particular unit of space. An ecosystem's abiotic (nonbiological) constituents include minerals, climate, soil, water, sunlight, and all other nonliving elements; its biotic constituents consist of all its living members. |
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| an interacting population of various kinds of individuals (as species) in a common location |
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| the organisms inhabiting a particular locality |
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| a differentiated structure (as a heart or kidney) consisting of two or more tissues and performing some specific function in an organism |
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| a group of cells usually of a particular kind together with their intercellular substance that form one of the structural materials of a plant or an animal and that in animals include connective tissue, epithelium, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue |
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| the basic unit of which all living things are composed; the smallest structural unit of living matter that is able to function independently |
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| one of several structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. |
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| the smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms |
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| plants and other photosynthetic organisms that convert light energy to chemical energy. |
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| Organisms, such as animals, that feed on producers and other consumers. |
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| substance of genes, the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offsrping |
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| Unit of heredity that occupies a fixed position on a chromosome. |
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| The entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits. |
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| subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles, including the chloroplasts. Contains a nucleus. |
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| DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell by membranes. NO NUCLEUS. |
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| a combination of components can form a more complex organization called a ______ |
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| any unique property that "emerges" when component objects are joined together in constraining relations to "construct" a higher-level aggregate object, a novel property that unpredictably comes from a combination of two simpler constituents |
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Definition
| reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. |
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Definition
| to model the dynamic behavior of biological systems. |
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| High-throughput technology |
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Definition
| mega-data-collection methods(example: automatic DNA-sequencing machines that made the Human Genome Project possible) |
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Definition
| Huge databases that result from high-throughput methods. |
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| Interdisciplinary research teams |
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Definition
| team of diverse specialists, including engineers, medical scientists, chemists, physicists, mathematicians, computer scientists, and of course, biologists from a variety of fields. |
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| Most common form of feedback in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process. |
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| Less common in which an end product speeds up its production. |
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| Most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are now divided among multiple kingdoms. |
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| Live in Earth's extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. This domain includes multiple kingdoms. Prokaryotes |
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| To include Protists, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Fungi and Kingdom Animalia. Multi-cellular organisms. |
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| A search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions. |
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| describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data. |
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| Deriving generalizations based on a large number of specific observations. |
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| Hypothesis based - Predictions, experiments, observations. |
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| an experimental group is compared with a control group |
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| diagrams, graphs, three-dimensional objects, computer programs or mathematical equations. |
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| Every object continues in its state of rest, or a uniform speed in a straight line, unless acted on by a nonzero force. |
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Definition
| The acceleration produced by a net force on an object is directly proportional to the net force, is in the same direction as the net force and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. |
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Definition
| Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first. |
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Definition
| a quantity that can be described by magnitude only, a quantity not involving direction. |
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| A quantity, such as the velocity of an object or the force acting on an object, that has both magnitude and direction. |
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| the sum of two or more vectors |
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Term
| The law of conservation of momentum |
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Definition
| In the absence of an external force, the momentum of a system remains unchanged. |
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Term
| the law of conservation of energy |
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Definition
| In the absence of external work input or output, the energy of a system remains unchanged. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. |
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| Velocity that is parallel to a curved path. |
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Definition
| The attractive force between objects due to mass. |
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Definition
| the intensity of the light decreases as the inverse square of the distance - Gravity gets weaker with distance. |
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Definition
| Any force that is directed at right angles to the path of a moving object and that tends to produce circular motion. "center-seeking" or "toward the center" |
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Definition
| The curved path followed by a projectile near the Earth under the influence of gravity only. |
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| The speed that a projectile, space probe, or similar object must reach in order to escape the gravitational influence of the Earth or of another celestial body to which it is attracted. |
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Definition
| The theoretical temperature at which a substance possesses no thermal energy. |
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Definition
| The amount of heat associated with changing 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. |
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Definition
| The transfer of thermal energy by molecular and electronic collisions within a substance (dspecially within a solid.) |
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Definition
| The transfer of thermal energy in a gas or liquid by means of currents in the heated fluid. The fluid flows, carrying energy with it. |
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Definition
| The measure of the energy dispersal of a system. Whenever energy freely transforms from one form to another, the direction of transformation is toward a state of greater disorder and, therefore, toward one of greater entropy. |
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| First law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| A restatement of the law of energy conservation, usually as it applies to systems involving changes in temperature: Whenever heat flows into or out of a system, the gain or loss of thermal energy equals the amount of heat transferred. |
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Definition
| The thermal energy that flows from a substance of higher temperature to a substance of lower temperature, commonly measured in calories of joules. |
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Definition
| The transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic waves. |
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| Second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Heat never spontaneously flows from a low-temperature substance to a high-temperature substance. Also, all systems tend to become more and more disordered as time goes by. |
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Definition
| The quantity of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. |
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Definition
| A measure of the hotness or coldness of substances, related to the average translational kinetic energy per molecule in a substance; measured in degrees Celsius, or in degrees Fahrenheit, or in kelvins. |
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| Thermal energy (or internal energy) |
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Definition
| The total energy (kinetic plus potential) of the submicroscopic particles that make up a substance. |
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Definition
| The study of heat and its transformation to different forms of energy. |
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| Third law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| No system can reach absolute zero. |
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Definition
| Electric current that repeatedly reverses its direction; the electric charges vibrate about relatively fixed positions. |
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Definition
| Any material having free charged particles that easily flow through it hen an electric force acts on them. |
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Definition
| The SI unit of electrical charge. |
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Definition
| The relationship among force, charge, and distance. |
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Definition
| An electric current flowing in one direction only. |
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Definition
| The flow of electric charge that transports energy from one place to another. Measure in amperes. |
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Definition
| Defined as force per unit charge, it can be considered to be an energetic "aura" surrounding charged objects. |
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Definition
| The electric potential energy per amount of charge, measured in volts, and often called voltage. |
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Term
| Electric Potential energy |
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Definition
| The energy a charge possesses by virtue of its location in an electric field. |
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Definition
| The rate of energy transfer, or rate of ding work; the amount of energy per unit time, which can be measured by the product of current and voltage, measured in watts. |
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Definition
| The property of a material that resists the flow of electric charge through it. It is measured in ohms. |
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Definition
| Term applied to an atom or molecule in which the charges are aligned so that one side has a slight excess of positive charge and the other side a slight excess of negative charge. |
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Definition
| A magnet whose field is produced by an electric current. It is usually in the form of a wire coil with a piece of iron inside the coil. |
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Term
| Electromagnetic induction |
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Definition
| The induction of voltage when a magnetic feild changes with time. |
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Definition
| The study of electric charge at rest (not in motion, as in electric currents). |
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Term
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Definition
| An electric field is induced in any region of space in which a magnetic field is changing with time. The magnitude of the induced electric field is proportional to the rate at which the magnetic field changes. The direction of the induced field is at right angles to the changing magnetic field. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any material without free charged particles and through which current does not easily flow. |
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Definition
| Clustered regions of aligned magnetic atoms. When these regions themselves are aligned with one another, the substance containing them is a magnet. |
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Definition
| The region of magnetic influence around a magnetic pole or around a moving charged particle. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) Between magnets, it is the attraction of unlike magnetic poles for each other and the repulsion between like magnetic poles. (2) Between a magnetic field and a moving charge, it is a deflecting force due to the motion of the charge; the deflecting force is perpendicular to the velocity of the charge and perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. |
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Term
| Maxwell's counterpart to Faraday's Law |
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Definition
| A magnetic field is induced in any region of space in which an electric field is changing with time. The magnitude of the induced magnetic field is proportional to the rate at which the electric field changes. The direction of the induced magnetic field is at right angles to the changing electric field. |
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Term
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Definition
| The statement that the current in a circuit varies in direct proportion to the potential difference of voltage and inversely with the resistance. |
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Definition
| An electric circuit with two or more devices connected in such a way that the same voltage acts across each one, and any single on e completes the circuit independently of all the others. |
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Definition
| The difference in potential between two points, measured in volts, and often called voltage difference. |
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Definition
| A material that can be made to behave sometimes as an insulator and sometimes as a conductor. |
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Definition
| An electric circuit with devices connected in such a way that the same electric current exists in all of them. |
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Definition
| A phenomenon about which competent observers can agree. |
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| The net result of a combination of two or more vectors. |
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Definition
| The speed at which the acceleration of a falling object stops when air resistance balances weight. |
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