nonspecific immunity

First line of defence

mucus membrane secretions

intact skin

normal microbia

nonspecific immunity

second line of defence

phagocytocic wbc

inflamation

fever

antimicorbial substances

Specific resistance

3rd line of defence

specialized lympocytes

B and T cells

antibodies

the lack of resistance to a disease

cilliary escalator= microbes trapped in mucos are transported up and away from the lungs.

Lacrimidal apparatus- washes eye

Saliva- washes microbes off

Fatty acids in sebum inhibit fungi and are bacterostatic

low ph of skin 3-5

dermacidins and defensisns- chemicals that protect your dermis.

Lysozyme- in persperation, tears, urine saliva and tissue fluid.

low ph (1.3-3.0) of gastrict juice

Transferrins in blood bind to iron

Nitric Oxide inhibits ATP productioin

Integral membrane protien that binds to specific microbial chemical

responds to PAMPs

they are found on cell surfaces

innitiate a proinflamitory response

 in inate immunity, intracellular receptor for microbial component

regulate apoptosis (regulated programed cell death.)

Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion

Normal microbia compete with various pathogens

produce microbial substances

Cross reactive antibody formation 

type leokocyte having large granules in the cytoplasm

Eosinophil, Neutorphil, and Basophil

type of granulocyte that stains blue with methelene blue

cause inflamation

type of granulocyte that stains lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes

phagocytosic

type of granulocyte that stains red-orange when the acidic dye eosin is added

toxic to parasites, some are phagocytosic

The mature form of monocyte which is phagocytosic against bacteria, fungi, spores, dust, and dead cells

phagocyte as it matures

Nuetrophils-60-70%

lympocytes 20-25%

monocytes- 3-8%

eosinophils- 2-4%

Basophils- .5-1%

nonspecific leukocyte the fights tumor and virus infected cells. intracellular?

defensive leukocyte of inate immuinity that secretes toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells

1. chemotaxisis of phagocyte to microbe

2. adherance

3. ingestion of microbe by phagocyte

4. digestion of microbe by enzyme

5. elimination of waste- exocytosis

Evasoion of phagocytosis

Streptococcus pyogenis

Streptococcus pnemoniae

Evasion of phagocytosis

Staphylococcus Aureus

Evasion of phagocytosis

Listeria monocytogenes

evasion of phagocytosis

Shingella

Escapes phagasome

(intracellular food vesile) huh

evasion of phagocytosis

HIV

Evasion of phagocytosis

Coxiella burnettis

survival of phagolysosome (digestive vesicle formed by fusing the lysosme with the lysosome)

qauses Q fever

gram negative endospre former

Redness (rubar)

pain (dular)

heat (calor)

swelling (tumor (endema))

accute phase protiens activated

Vasodialation

margination and emigration of WBCs

Tissue Repair

compliment

cytocines

kinins

histamines

kinins

prosaglandins

leukotrines

histamine

seratonins

Bradykinin

leukotrines

prostalandins

chemical trails for a macrophage

fiber, collogen, mast cells, bacterial peptides.

compliment C5a and C3a

interferons

Interleukins

Leukotrienens

Platelet secretions

bacteria enter body via a path

Chemicals such as histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrines are released by damaged cells

clot forms

abscess forms

margination- phagocytes stick to the endotherlium

emigration- phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells.

phagocytosis of invading bacteria

emigration- phagocytes squeeze inbetween endothelial cells

margination- phagocytes stick to the endothelium

abnormaly high body temperature

hypothalmus is normally set to 37degrees

Gram negative endotoxin causes phagocytes to release interleuken 1

hypothalmus releases protaglandins that reset the hypothalmus to a higher temperature

Body increases rate of metabolism and shivering to raise temperature

when IL-1 is eliminated body temperature falls(crisis)

chemical that triggers the hypothalmic "theromostat" to reset at a higher temperature inducing fever.

endogenerous- inside cell

exogenous- outside the cell.

macrophage ingests a few Gram negative bacterium

The Bacterium is degraded in the vacule, releasing endotoxins that induce the macrophages to produce IL1

IL1 is released by a macrophage into the bloodstream through which it travels to the hypothalmus of the brain.

IL1 induces the hypothalmus to produce prostaglandins, which reset the body's thermostat to a higher temerature producing fever.

a set of serum protiens. these protiens initially act as opsinins and chemotactic factors, and indirectally trigger inflamation and fever.  the end result of full activation is lysis of foriegn cell.

serum protiens activatied in a cascade

enzymes convert protiens form one form to another

classical, alternative, lectin

opsonization of immune adherance enhancing phagocytosis.

membrane attack complex formation causing cytololysis= osmotic lysis

Inflamation attracts phagocytes