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| Verbal attacks that demean others' self-concept and inflict psychological pain |
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| A disconfirming response with more than one meaning, leaving the other party unsure of the responders position |
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| Presenting and defending positions on issues while attacking positions taken by others |
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| A direct expression of the sender’s needs and thoughts delivered in a way that does not attack the receiver’s dignity. A complete assertive message describes behavior, interpretation, feeling, consequence, and intention. |
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| An attitude behind messages that dogmatically implies that the speaker’s position is correct and that the other person’s ideas are not worth considering. Likely to generate a defensive response. |
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| The emotional tone of a relationship between two or more individuals. |
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| A disagreeing message that directly or indirectly communicates dissatisfaction with another person. |
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| A message that expresses caring or respect for another person. |
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| An explanation of the results that follow from either the behavior of the person to whom the message is addressed or the speaker’s interpretation of the addressee’s behavior. Consequence statements can describe what happens to the speaker, the addressee, or others. |
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Term
| CONTROLLING COMMUNICATION |
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Definition
| Messages in which the sender tries to impose some sort of outcome on the receiver, usually resulting in a defensive reaction. |
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| DE-ESCALATORY CONFLICT SPIRAL |
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| A communication pattern in which the parties slowly lessen their dependence on one another, withdraw, and become less invested in the relationship. |
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The attempt to protect a presenting image a person believes is being attacked.
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| Gibb’s term for language that describes a complaint in behavioral terms rather than being judgmental, thereby creating a supportive communication climate. See also evaluation, “I” language. |
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| Messages that communicate to the other person, “You are wrong.” Includes aggressiveness, complaining, and argumentativeness. |
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Term
| DISCONFIRMING COMMUNICATION |
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Definition
A message that expresses a lack of caring or respect for another person.
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| The ability to project oneself into another person’s point of view, so as to experience the other’s thoughts and feelings. See also sympathy. |
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| A type of supportive communication described by Gibb, suggesting that the sender regards the receiver as worthy of respect. |
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| ESCALATORY CONFLICT SPIRAL |
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Definition
| A communication pattern in which one attack leads to another until the initial skirmish escalates into a full-fledged battle. |
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Term
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| Gibb’s term for judgmental assessments of another person’s behavior, thereby increasing the odds of creating a defensive communication climate. See also description, “I” language. |
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| Behavior by another that is perceived as attacking an individual’s presenting image, or face. |
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| An expression of the sender’s emotions that results from interpretation of sense data. |
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Six sets of contrasting styles of verbal and nonverbal behavior. Each set describes a communication style that is likely to arouse defensiveness and a contrasting style that is likely to prevent or reduce it. Developed by Jack Gibb.
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| Behavior that treats others as objects rather than individuals. See also interpersonal communication. |
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| A disconfirming response that ignores another person’s attempt to communicate. |
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| A disconfirming response in which two messages, one of which is usually nonverbal, contradict each other. |
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| A description of where the speaker stands on an issue, what he or she wants, or how he or she plans to act in the future. |
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| A statement that describes the speaker’s interpretation of the meaning of another person’s behavior. See also attribution. |
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| A disconfirming response in which one communicator interrupts another. |
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| A disconfirming response in which one communicator’s comments bear no relationship to the previous speaker’s ideas. |
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| A defense-arousing behavior described by Gibb in which the sender expresses indifference toward a receiver. |
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| A supportive style of communication described by Gibb in which the communicators focus on working together to solve their problems instead of trying to impose their own solutions on one another. |
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| A supportive style of communication described by Gibb in which the sender expresses a willingness to consider the other person’s position. |
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| A reciprocal communication pattern in which each person’s message reinforces the other’s. See also de-escalatory conflict spiral, escalatory conflict spiral. |
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| A supportive communication behavior described by Gibb in which the sender expresses a message without any attempt to manipulate the receiver. |
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| A defense-arousing style of communication described by Gibb in which the sender tries to manipulate or deceive a receiver. |
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| A defense-arousing style of communication described by Gibb in which the sender states or implies that the receiver is not worthy of respect. |
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| A disconfirming response that uses the speaker’s remark as a starting point for a shift to a new topic. |
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