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Important Court Cases
Court Cases for Govt 3
28
Political Studies
Undergraduate 1
01/30/2013

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Cards

Term
Barron v. Baltimore
Definition
The US Bill of Rights does not apply to the state governments, only the federal government (dealt with eminent domain)
Term
Benton v. Maryland
Definition
The Double Jeopardy rule does apply to the states
Term
Bowers v. Hardwick
Definition
Upheld a Georgia sodomy law banning homosexual behavior
Term
Brown v. the Board of Education
Definition
Separate but equal is not constitutional, dealt with segregation in schools. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. De jure racial segregation is a violation of the equal protection clause.
Term
Chicago, Burlington, & Quincy Railroad Co. v. The City of Chicago
Definition
First court case to take an amendment from Bill of Rights and apply it to states. Involved compensation for eminent domain claims
Term
Escobedo v. Illinois
Definition
Criminal suspects have a right to counsel during interrogations under the Sixth Amendment
Term
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
Definition
First Amendment prevents the govn't from restricting independent political expenditures (donations to superpacs) by corporations and unions.
Term
Gibbons v. Ogden
Definition
Power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause.
Term
Gideon v. Wainwright
Definition
State courts are required under 14th amendment to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants who cannot afford it
Term
Lawrence v. Texas
Definition
Court struck down a sodomy law, overturning Bowers v. Hardwick. Subsequently got rid of sodomy laws in 13 other states
Term
Lemon v. Kurtzman
Definition
Outlawed public funding of private (Catholic) schools, because it violates the Establishment Clause of the 1st amendment. Created the Lemon Test for religious donations
Term
Lemon Test Criteria
Definition
1) Action must have secular legislative purpose
2) Must not have the primary effect of advancing or inhibiting religion
3) Must not result in excessive govn't entanglement with religion
Term
Mapp v. Ohio
Definition
Evidence obtained through unreasonable search and siezure violates the 4th amendment and may not be used in state courts.
Term
McCulloch v. Maryland
Definition
States cannot tax the Federal Bank. Strengthened the Necessary and Proper Clause. Gave Congress Implied Powers, and ruled that the state cannot impede upon Federal power
Term
Miranda v. Arizona
Definition
A defendant's testimony will only hold if the prosecution can prove he was informed of his rights to an attorney and his right of self-incrimination. The rights are named after the case
Term
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
Definition
Press reports about public figures can only be considered defamation and libel if there is proof of actual malice.
Term
New York Times Co. v. United States
Definition
Protected freedom of the press from Nixon's attempt to block it.
Term
Palko v. Connecticut
Definition
Created the precedence for selective incorporation, where federal rights are only applied to states on a case-by-case basis. Double Jeopardy does not Apply to the States.
Term
Plessy v. Ferguson
Definition
Separate but equal is ok
Term
Mack and Printz v. United States
Definition
Established unconstitutionality of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
Term
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
Definition
Involved hate speech and free speech clause. Court struck down an ordinance against cross burning.
Term
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union
Definition
Struck down anti-indecency provisions about the internet. First major ruling with regards to free speech on the internet.
Term
The Slaughterhouse Cases
Definition
First interpretation of the 14th amendment. Protects privleges or immunities conferred to all citizens of the US, but not incident to citizenship of a state.
Term
Texas v. Johnson
Definition
Invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag. Flag-burning is protected under the first amendment.
Term
United States v. Alfonso Lopez Jr.
Definition
Sets limits to powers under the Commerce Clause. Limited the clause to not include the carrying of handguns.
Term
United States v.O'Brien
Definition
Burning a draft card can be prohibited. It is not protected under free speech, because it pertains to a government interest.
Term
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
Definition
The free speech clause of the first amendment protects students from being forced to salute the American flag and say the pledge of allegiance.
Term
Griswald v. Connecticut
Definition
Right to privacy
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