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| the counter-attack against bacteria, virus, canter, and other disease-causing agents; implies resistance to disease |
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| cells and molecules that make up the body's defense system |
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| new cells and molecules that match up with and counteract each challenger |
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| Primary Functions of the Immune System: |
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Definition
1. recognition of and defense against foreign substances
2. establishment of immunosurveillance |
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| a pathway of intracellular molecule interactions that ends with the consequence of the signal- activation of the immune cell and destruction of the invader. |
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| disease- causing organisms |
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| the science that studies the structure and functioning of the immune system |
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| Greek historian of the Peloponnesian War; only those who recovered from the plague could nurse the sick because they did not catch the disease a second time |
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| Lady Mary Wortly Montagu (1718) |
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| wife of English ambassador in Constantinople; performed variolation on her children |
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| L. variola (smallpox); the practice of using unmodified pathogens to induce a mild form of the disease, thus inducing immunity |
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| English physician; his results on vaccination were published in 1798- the birth of immunology |
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| L. vacca, "cow"; a modified variation of variolation created by Jenner |
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| formulated the germ theory of disease; founder of bacteriology |
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| declared that disease is caused by microorganisms rather than by an imbalance of body humors or the position of the moon |
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| (in honor of Jenner) used to induce immunity to microbes; contains components from infectious organisms that stimulate immunity (but not disease) which protects from reinfection |
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elimination or reduction of disease-causing potential; achieved in two ways:
1. aging of cultures
2. variation of culture temperature |
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| the causative agent of anthrax |
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| the vaccines against chicken cholera, rabies, and anthrax |
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| suspensions of killed bacteria or viruses |
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| attenuated bacterial toxins |
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subunit
glycoconjugate
recombinant
nucleic acid |
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Definition
19th century- 1930's
1. separating immunity into two divisions
2. identification of the principal mediators of immunity
3. recognition of the detrimental side of immunity
4. description of the main human blood groups
5. observation that a host normally cannot induce immunity to its body constituents |
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| Humoralist: pushed the idea that soluble ("humoral" cell free) molecules mediated immunity based on the induction of antitoxin and bactericidal activity in serum |
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| Cellularist: believed innate phagocytic cells (macrophages) mediate immunity based on ingestion and digestion of microorganisms |
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| US microbiologist; showed that humoral molecules enhanced cellular phagocytic immune responses |
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Definition
1. phagocytic cells
2. antibodies
3. complement |
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| recognized the dangers of immunity; diseases such as hay fever and poison ivy are immunologically based |
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| discovered the three main human blood groups (A, B, and O); showed that immunologic reactions could affect tissues |
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| the immune response to a transfusion of the wrong blood type into a person |
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| Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn |
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Definition
| if a mother becomes immunized to her fetus's RBCs, the resulting antibodies can destroy the fetus's RBCs- occurs in the case of Rh incompatibility |
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| fear of self-poisoning; Ehrlich observed that our bodies do not normally produce antibodies against our own tissue |
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| observed that some nonidentical twin cattle were incapable of an immune response against their non-identical sibling |
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| exposed fetal animals to foreign skin cells, thus deliberately inducing tolerance to foreign skin grafts; tolerance of skin grafts was specific |
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| genetics of graft rejection showed that the problem of transplantation was partly genetic and that inherited tissue markers recognized by the immune system that distinguish self from non-self frequently lead to graft rejection |
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| discovery of tumor-specific immune responses that produced an entirely new area of medicine; a sub-discipline of immunotherapy |
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| Current Immunology Divisions |
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Definition
1. humoral (antibodies)
2. cellular (immune (T) cells) |
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The combines responses of
1. non-specifically clearing the infectious agent using preformed components
2. producing specific cells and molecules directed against the foreign invader |
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| the foreign invader that induces and reacts with immune cells and the molecules it induced |
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| AKA natural resistance; operates relatively non-specifically during the early phases of an immune response without need for prior exposure; mediated by PRRs |
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pattern recognition receptor
recognize conserved shared classes of PAMPs |
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Definition
| pathogen-associated molecular pattern |
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Definition
the major component of internal defenses; includes the suffix "-itis" e.g. tonsillitis
includes: 1. clotting mechanism activation 2. increased blood flow 3. increased capillary permeability and 4. enhanced influx of phagocytic cells |
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| Mechanisms of Innate Immunity |
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Definition
1. physiologic barriers
2. phagocytosis
3. inflammation |
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| physiological barrier that mediates cell lysis and enhances phagocytosis |
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Definition
| interfere with the replication of viruses that have infected neighboring cells |
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Definition
| involves the engulfment and destruction of pathogens and particulate matter by cells on the mononuclear phagocyte system |
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| Mononuclear Phagocyte System |
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Definition
| the cells that make up this network are the mononuclear phagocytic cells (monocytes and macrophages) |
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| monocytes and macrophages; their primary role is phagocytosis |
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Definition
generically called cytokines; powerful chemical molecules that activate many nonspecific protective effects through the inflammatory response.
e.g. tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6 |
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| Polymorphonuclear Neutrophilic Leukocytes |
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Definition
| Neutrophils; not included in the mononuclear phagocyte system; internalize microorganisms for digestion |
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| Defensins and Cathelicidins |
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Definition
| small peptides; have a broad anti-microbial spectrum and exert nonspecific cytotoxic activity against a wide range of normal and malignant targets. |
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Definition
| specialized group of cells that are inefficient at clearing infectious microbes but are highly efficient at presenting antigens to T lymphocytes (bridge between innate and adaptive immunity) |
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| granule filled, lymphocyte-like cells that are not phagocytic but contribute to innate immunity through nonspecific defense against virus-infected body cells and tumor cells without need for prior exposure and clonal expansion. |
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| Natural Killer T cells (NKT) |
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Definition
| a cross between a NK cells and a T cell; exhibits rapid cytolytic activity and cytokine production without need for priming and clonal expansion |
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| described the four distinct symptoms of inflammation; redness, swelling, heat, and pain. |
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Definition
| added the 5th sign of inflammation; loss of function |
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| Adaptive, Acquired, or Specific Immunity |
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Definition
| the secondary immune response that kicks in when the innate system fails to contain a pathogen; permits the host to recognize and respond to a specific; invader and is marked by an enhanced response on repeated exposures to the invader; develops over the host's lifetime and is dependent on the host's experiences |
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Definition
| the exposure process to foreign microbes that develops an immune response |
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| Six Major Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity |
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Definition
1. specificity
2. inducibility
3. diversity
4. memory
5. distinguishing self from nonself
6. self-limiting |
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Definition
| occur when adaptive immunity to one substance gives immunity to another substance |
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| Secondary Immune Response |
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Definition
| re-exposure to the same antigen leads to a rapid and more effective immune response |
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Definition
| the ability of the immune system to remember antigenic intrustion |
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| Functional Steps of Adaptive Immunity |
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Definition
1. antigen recognition (the cognitive phase)
2. lymphocyte activation ( a 2 signal event)
3. antigen elimination (effector phase) |
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Definition
| mediated by antigen-specific blood proteins called anti-bodies; protects against circulating extracellular antigens, microbial exotoxins, and viruses in their extracellular phase (unable to penetrate living cells) |
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| mediated by antigen-specific cells called T lymphocytes; protects against intracellular parasites and is important in the rejection of organ transplants and tumor cells |
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| cells that eliminate antigens |
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Definition
| acquired gradually (5-14 days after exposure), lasts for years, and is highly protective. |
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| immediate; lasts for days to months; has low to moderate protective effectiveness; does not develop memory in the recipient |
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| when an individual is exposed to foreign substances naturally through the environment |
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| immunity acquired via vaccine |
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Definition
| the passage of antibodies between individuals |
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| the passage of T cells between inbred animals of the same strain or in human bone marrow transplants to grant immunity |
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| the huge number of antigen specificities |
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| some lyphocytes express self-antigen-reactive receptors; when these cells bind to antigen in the bone marrow or thymus, they are eliminated |
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| provides the framework to explain the hallmarks of the immune response |
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Definition
| the group of immune cells specific for an antigen |
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Definition
| represent an enlarged clone of long-lived B or T cells that are committed to respond rapidly or by their clonal expansion or re-exposure to the same antigen |
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Definition
| e.g. B cells are SELECTED when antigen binds to membrane-bound antibody receptors specific for that antigen |
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| anti-body secreting "daughter" cell; differentiated B cells; develops large quantities of antibodies |
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Definition
Burnet;
1. early in embreyogenesis and throughout adult life, a host develops a large repertoire of clones. each clone can recognize and respond to only one unique antigen. the number of progenitor cells in each clone is small but the collective clonal repertoire can respond to any antigen
2. During in utero development and throughout adult life, a host takes inventory of self-antigen reactive cells (forbidden clones) which are deleted or functionally inhibited. The "forbidden clones" are the precursor cells capable of responding against the host's tissue antigens and therefore absence from the repertoire of mature lymphocytes
3. Foreign antigen reacts selectively with the right high-affinity receptor-expressing, pre-existing clones and activates them. clonal expansion occurs, leading to differentiation into antibody forming cells and memory cells; all of these daughter cells will bear receptors of identical antigen specificity to the parental cells. |
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Definition
| the developmental history of the immune system during evolution |
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| the developmental history of the immune system in an individual within a species |
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| the first evidence of a vertebrate-like immune system; appears in primitive vertebrates clyclostomes that possess a diffuse system and lack distinct higher vertebrate immune structures (hagfish and lamprey) |
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| the earliest immune organ to appear in phylogeny; present in most primitive vertebrates (elasmobranches; dogfish and shark) |
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| AKA: antigen; any foreign substance that induces an immune response |
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| AKA: epitopes; small parts of antigens that induce and react with immune elements such as antibodies or antigen receptors on lymphocytes |
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Definition
| the first time we are exposed to an antigen, this results |
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| Secondary Immune Response |
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Definition
| the second exposure to an antigen leads to this, which is much faster and stronger |
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Definition
| the immune response is mediated by this and accounts for a person's long-term immunity against infectious diseases |
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Definition
| "big eaters"; ability to internalize antigens; janitorial cells |
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| Antigen Processing and Presentation |
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Definition
| manipulates an antigen into a form that can be recognized as nonself by the T lymphocyte |
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| Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) |
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Definition
macrophages and dendritic cells
phagocytize foreign antigens, displaying a small peptide portion of its surface in associate with membrane self-markers |
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Definition
| the only immunologically specific cellular components of the immune system |
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Definition
| a third group of lymphocytes; nonspecific killer cells; part of innate immunity; NK receptors are hard-wired and do not undergo recombination; use a 2 receptor recognition strategy |
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| Natural Killer T Cells (NKT) |
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Definition
| another group of lymphocytes with innate-like antimicrobial functions; a heterogeneous subset of T cells that expresses both NK markers and semi-invariant αβ TCRs. |
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Definition
| "small messenger"; determines the fate of an immune response |
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Definition
| cytokines produced by lymphocytes |
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Definition
| macrophage derived signals |
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Definition
| acts as a messenger between leukocytes |
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Definition
| the general name for lymphocytes and APCs |
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Definition
| a large group of low-molecular-weight molecules that mediate leukocyte chemotaxis and controls the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules; plays a major role in inflammation |
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| Thymus-Derived (T) Lymphocytes |
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Definition
| AKA: T cells; maturation of T lymphocytes in the absence of antigen occurs in the the thymus; the majority express antigen receptors (TCR) |
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| Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) |
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Definition
allows the recognition of antigen-derived peptides by T cells only when this is present; regulates many immunologic functions and interactions; contains genes that encode both class I and class II molecules
AKA: HLA (in humans) or H-2 complex (in mice) |
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Definition
| one population of T cells that expresses the surface molecule CD8; recognizes antigen on the target cell surface associated with class I MHC molecules |
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Definition
| recognize and destroys virally infected cells, foreign tissues, or tumor cells |
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Definition
| population of T cells called Helper T (TH) cells; acts as the commander-in-chief of the immune system by providing direct and indirect help to various cellular components |
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| T cells; recognize antigen presented on the surface of APCs in association with class II MHC molecules |
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Definition
| expressed only on APCs such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells; |
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Definition
| TH cell subtype that produces interleukin-17 |
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| Bone Marrow- or Bursa- Derived (B) Lymphocytes |
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Definition
| B cells; another main class of lymphocytes; originate and mature in the bone marrow and spleen |
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Definition
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| produced by plasma cells; globular proteins that confer immunologic protection |
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| proposed that all antibody genes are inherited from out parents |
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| proposed that during development to a mature B cell a few germline antibody genes undergo some sort of somatic variation |
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Definition
| functional gene that encodes an antibody light or heavy chain or α and β (or γ and δ) TCR chains |
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Definition
| coats microbes to promote phagocytosis and killing by immune cells; only class of antibody that can cross the placental barrier |
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Definition
| known as an "early" antibody because it is the first antibody to be formed in an immune response; largest antibody and consists of 5 monomeric forms of the prototype antibody |
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Definition
| comprised of IgG and IgM; upon reacting with specific antigen, activate a blood protein system that amplifies the inflammatory and immune responses and can cause the lysis of some types of bacteria; nonspecific defense mechanism |
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| predominant antibody class present in the body's secretions; acts as the first line of defense at the mucosal linings against invading organisms |
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Definition
| has only negative activities (in humans) because its production is responsible for allergies; a positive activity is its role in the immunity to certain parasites |
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Definition
| an overzealous response against pollen, animal dander, and dust |
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Definition
| found in large quantities on the surfaces of antigen-naive mature B cells; importance in the immune response is unclear, but is relevant during antigen-triggered B cell growth |
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Definition
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Definition
| preventing a virus or toxin from attaching to a target cell |
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Term
| Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex (HLA) |
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Definition
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Definition
| expressed on all nucleated cells, including immune cells |
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Definition
| specific T-cell activation occurs only when digested antigen is presented by some cell in the context of class I or II MHC molecules to a T cell that has a receptor specific for that antigen-MHC complex |
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Definition
| a disease state in which the host has a destructive immune response against its own tissues; e.g. type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis |
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| investigates how the immune system handles homegrown assailants and how to treat cancer |
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| a defect when the immune system fails to provide the required protection; a decrease in the number and function of immune cells; can be inherited, or acquired through infection,or result as a side effect of immunosupressive medical treatments |
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| children born without a thymus; provided evidence of thymic involvement in immune function before T-cell development was discovered |
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