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immunology
drew
53
Medical
Graduate
04/14/2009

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Term
The T cell receptor proteins are also complexed with the CD3 chains whose job it is to
Definition
transduce activation signals into the T cell following TCR recognition
Term
Major endogenous pyrogens include
Definition
IL-1 and TNFa
Term
CD28
Definition
Analogous to CD40 on B cells, CD28 is a key accessory protein made by both CD4 and CD8 T cells: binding to B7 proteins required for T cell activation
Term
TH0
Definition
As naïve, un-activated cells. are known as TH0 cells
Term
TH1/TH2 rule
Definition
a)if the naïve T cell is activated in the presence of IL-4(STAT 6 signal), will commit to a TH2 lineage
b)if the naïve T cell is activated in the presence of IL-12(STAT 4 signaling), will commit to a TH1 lineage
Term
TH1 cells
Definition
cells primarily produce IFN-gamma which drives the antibacterial, inflammatory response: production of opsonizing isotypes of antibody (bound by Fc receptor and efficient at complement activation), activation of macrophages, enhanced CTL, NK and neutrophil killing.
Term
TH2 cells
Definition
cells primarily product IL-4, with IL-5 and IL-10. Isotypes are neutralizing and part of the allergic response, IL-5 leads to eosinophil proliferation and activation, and macrophages are pushed into an anti-inflammatory status.
Term
TH17
Definition
produces IL-17 which regulates inflammatory DTH type responses
Term
T reg cells
Definition
CD4+, CD25+, Alpha/beta TCR T cells, Expression of FoxP3(transcription factor) defines Treg's
Term
CD25
Definition
alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor
Term
IPEX
Definition
clinical X-linked syndrome due to a mutation in a gene known as FoxP3, lack t regs
Term
Targets of FoxP3
Definition
CD25, CLTA-4, Tnfrsf18, or glucocorticoid-induced TNF-related receptor (GITR), and many others
Term
How do Treg's function to suppress
Definition
Cell to cell contact and cytokine production. Two major immuno-suppresive cytokines implicated, IL-10 and TGF-.
Also suggestion that the Treg's may soak IL-2 in the environment since they are expressing the higher affinity receptor, and thus help block T effector cells from getting activated.
Cell to cell contact is also implicated, centering around variable expression of the B7 proteins that are required to bind to CD28 and thus activate T cells. For example, Treg's were found to down modulate expression of B7 proteins on the antigen presenting cell
Term
How do cytokine receptors signal
Definition
Receptors cluster on the membrane
This event recruits in the Janus kinase: JAK: four members of family
Pathway is phosphorylation dependent
JAK activation recruits the STAT's
STATs are then phosphorylated and form dimers
Dimers move into the nucleus where they bind to target genes and initiate
transcription
Term
What does IL-2 do
Definition
Made by most CD4+ T cells upon activation. Acts upon the T cells making (autocrine) or on bystander T cells. 1. most important as a T cell growth and differentiation factor.
2. can also act upon NK cells to increase growth and killing capacity.
IL-2 receptor is comprised of multiple components that alter ligand binding affinity
Term
What does IL-4 do
Definition
Primarily a product of CD4+ Th2 T cells. Two other sources of IL-4 include mast cells and a novel T cell subtype. What does IL-4 do?
1. Required for production of IgE
2. IL-4 is potent at blocking the activation of macrophage, thus anti-inflammatory.
3. Growth factor for mast cells
4. Stimulate the expression of specific adhesion receptors.
Term
Interferon-gamma
Definition
Produced by TH1. 1. Anti-viral and anti-proliferative:
2. Activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed bacteria.
1. Serves to up regulate NK and neutrophil function.
4. Shift TH0 cells to TH1 upon activation
Term
IL-12
Definition
Made by B cells and monocytes. Affects NK and T cells. TNF-alpha induces macrophages to make IL-12. Activates NK cells. Stimulates Th1 path. Increases activity, proliferation of CD8 T cells
Term
TNF
Definition
immediate response to a bacterial infection, induced by LPS. Produced by macrophages and mast cells. Can be preformed and stored in granules.
Term
TNF function at low quantities at site of release
Definition
1. increased # of adhesion molecules of endothelial cells
2. Increase killing efficiancy of PMN and Eosinophils
3. Increase MHC I expression
4. Induces other cells to produce cytokines which augment response
Term
Responses seen for TNF at higher quantities (systemic)
Definition
1. Fever
2. IL-1 and IL-6 production
3. Liver puts out acute phase proteins
4. Inhibit bone marrow cells from dividing
Term
IL-1
Definition
Produced by activated macrophages via TNF, LPS or exogenous IL-1. Acts like TNF, promotes inflammation, migration, coagulation. At high levels it causes fever, increased acute phase proteins and wasting.
Can be competitvely inhibited by naturally occuring proteins.
Term
IL-6
Definition
Similar to TNF and IL-1. Needs either TNF or IL-1 to be expressed. polyclonally activates B-cell proliferation
Term
Interferon alpha and beta
Definition
Type 1 interferons. Anti-viral. Activate NK and MHC I expression. Down MHC II. Target Cells don't proliferate and will turn on anti-viral machinary.
Term
IL-10
Definition
Potent inhibitor of Macrophages. Also inhibits IL-2, IL-3, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, and tumor necrosis factor. Produced by activated T and B cells, monocytes and keratinocytes.
Term
c-kit and ligand
Definition
ligand/receptor interactions required for stem cell maintenance and expansion. Part of colony stimulating factors.
Term
Stem cell factor
Definition
Colony stimulating factor. Lack produces symptoms including piebald pigmentation, anemia, and chronic constipation.
Term
IL-3
Definition
broad activator of bone marrow expansion: prolonged exposure produces mast cells:
Term
GM-CSF
Definition
neutrophil/macrophage development
Term
Granulocyte CSF
Definition
push cells to granulocyte lineage: neutrophil and eosinophils
Term
IL-7
Definition
B cell /T cell growth factor
Term
CD3
Definition
Associate with TCR (also on T cells) to produce activation signal in T lymphocytes
Term
TCR
Definition
4 different proteins (alpha, beta, gamma and delta chains) which are expressed as heterodimers of alpha/beta and gamma/delta. Each Cell only expresses one dimer.All possess the VJ or VDJ similar to Ig chains.
All possess C region domains including transmembrane domains. No isotype switching: C regions remain constant. The delta and beta chains possess D regions so are potentially more diverse than the gamma or alpha proteins. Associate w CD3 and recognize antigen in MHC
Term
Zones in Thymus
Definition
Outer Cortex: immature T cells
Medulla: Mature T cells
Term
nurse cells
Definition
Dendritic like cells in Thymus that wrap around thymocytes. Expresses MHCI and II, produces growth factors and self antigen for negative selection?
Term
Important Cell surface proteins on T killer cells
Definition
CD8, TCR, CD3
Term
Important Cell surface proteins on B cells
Definition
IgM, B7, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD40, MHC II.
Term
Important Cell surface proteins on NK
Definition
Receptors for MHC I, CD16, CD56.
Term
Important Cell surface proteins on macrophages
Definition
MHC II, B7, CD40, CD14. Receptors for Fc and C3b.
Term
Important Cell surface proteins on T helper cells
Definition
CD4, TCR, CD3, CD28, CD40L
Term
Class I proteins
Definition
Highly polymorphic HLA-A, B, and C. Expressed as heterodimer with beta 2 microglobulin. Codominant, most people express 6. Peptide cleft that TCR and CD8 recognize.
Term
Class II proteins
Definition
Polymorphic DR, DQ, or DP. heterodimer of polymorphic alph and beta chains. Only on APCs and recognized by TCR and CD4
Term
What does T cell dependent activation require?
Definition
1. Ligation of Antigen to cell surface antibody
2. T cell stimulation via cytokines
3. CD40 ligand on activated T cell binds CD40 receptor on B cell
Term
T cell dependent activation process
Definition
1. Prolif/diff. produce IgM
2. Isotype switching
3. Affinity maturation
4. Diff to plasma or memory cell
Term
CD 40 does what two things
Definition
1. increase affinity between B and Th cells
2. Increase signal transduction in those cells
Term
Mutation in CD40 Ligand leads to...
Definition
Lack of isotype switching and B cell Maturation.
Term
What cytokines produced by T cells stimulate B cell proliferation
Definition
IL-2,4,5,13
Term
Which cytokines induce Ig secretion by B cells
Definition
IL-2,6
Term
Affinity maturation
Definition
Occurs in spleen/lymph node.
1. Rapid prolif every 6-12 hrs
2. Somatic mutation
Term
HLA-DM
Definition
HLA-DM functions by promoting the dissociation of the CLIP peptide (a place holder peptide) from MHC class II which allows endosomal peptides to bind.
Term
Bare Lymphocyte syndrome type I and II
Definition
Type I: Lacks MHC I, usually due to defects in the TAP protein that pump peptides into the ER. Also can be due to lack of Beta 2 microglobulin.
Type II: Lacks MHC II, can be caused by a number of genetic mutations.
Term
TGF beta
Definition
Secreted by Tregs to block the activation of lymphocytes and monocyte derived phagocytes.
Term
CTLA-4
Definition
Treg surface protein, binds and downregulates B7
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