Term
| The T cell receptor proteins are also complexed with the CD3 chains whose job it is to |
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Definition
| transduce activation signals into the T cell following TCR recognition |
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Term
| Major endogenous pyrogens include |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Analogous to CD40 on B cells, CD28 is a key accessory protein made by both CD4 and CD8 T cells: binding to B7 proteins required for T cell activation |
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Term
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Definition
| As naïve, un-activated cells. are known as TH0 cells |
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Term
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Definition
a)if the naïve T cell is activated in the presence of IL-4(STAT 6 signal), will commit to a TH2 lineage
b)if the naïve T cell is activated in the presence of IL-12(STAT 4 signaling), will commit to a TH1 lineage |
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Term
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Definition
| cells primarily produce IFN-gamma which drives the antibacterial, inflammatory response: production of opsonizing isotypes of antibody (bound by Fc receptor and efficient at complement activation), activation of macrophages, enhanced CTL, NK and neutrophil killing. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells primarily product IL-4, with IL-5 and IL-10. Isotypes are neutralizing and part of the allergic response, IL-5 leads to eosinophil proliferation and activation, and macrophages are pushed into an anti-inflammatory status. |
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Term
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Definition
| produces IL-17 which regulates inflammatory DTH type responses |
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Term
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Definition
| CD4+, CD25+, Alpha/beta TCR T cells, Expression of FoxP3(transcription factor) defines Treg's |
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Term
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Definition
| alpha chain of the IL-2 receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| clinical X-linked syndrome due to a mutation in a gene known as FoxP3, lack t regs |
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Term
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Definition
| CD25, CLTA-4, Tnfrsf18, or glucocorticoid-induced TNF-related receptor (GITR), and many others |
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Term
| How do Treg's function to suppress |
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Definition
Cell to cell contact and cytokine production. Two major immuno-suppresive cytokines implicated, IL-10 and TGF-.
Also suggestion that the Treg's may soak IL-2 in the environment since they are expressing the higher affinity receptor, and thus help block T effector cells from getting activated.
Cell to cell contact is also implicated, centering around variable expression of the B7 proteins that are required to bind to CD28 and thus activate T cells. For example, Treg's were found to down modulate expression of B7 proteins on the antigen presenting cell |
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Term
| How do cytokine receptors signal |
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Definition
Receptors cluster on the membrane
This event recruits in the Janus kinase: JAK: four members of family
Pathway is phosphorylation dependent
JAK activation recruits the STAT's
STATs are then phosphorylated and form dimers
Dimers move into the nucleus where they bind to target genes and initiate
transcription |
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Term
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Definition
Made by most CD4+ T cells upon activation. Acts upon the T cells making (autocrine) or on bystander T cells. 1. most important as a T cell growth and differentiation factor.
2. can also act upon NK cells to increase growth and killing capacity.
IL-2 receptor is comprised of multiple components that alter ligand binding affinity |
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Term
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Definition
Primarily a product of CD4+ Th2 T cells. Two other sources of IL-4 include mast cells and a novel T cell subtype. What does IL-4 do?
1. Required for production of IgE
2. IL-4 is potent at blocking the activation of macrophage, thus anti-inflammatory.
3. Growth factor for mast cells
4. Stimulate the expression of specific adhesion receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by TH1. 1. Anti-viral and anti-proliferative:
2. Activate macrophages to kill phagocytosed bacteria.
1. Serves to up regulate NK and neutrophil function.
4. Shift TH0 cells to TH1 upon activation |
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Term
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Definition
| Made by B cells and monocytes. Affects NK and T cells. TNF-alpha induces macrophages to make IL-12. Activates NK cells. Stimulates Th1 path. Increases activity, proliferation of CD8 T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| immediate response to a bacterial infection, induced by LPS. Produced by macrophages and mast cells. Can be preformed and stored in granules. |
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Term
| TNF function at low quantities at site of release |
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Definition
1. increased # of adhesion molecules of endothelial cells
2. Increase killing efficiancy of PMN and Eosinophils
3. Increase MHC I expression
4. Induces other cells to produce cytokines which augment response |
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Term
| Responses seen for TNF at higher quantities (systemic) |
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Definition
1. Fever
2. IL-1 and IL-6 production
3. Liver puts out acute phase proteins
4. Inhibit bone marrow cells from dividing |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by activated macrophages via TNF, LPS or exogenous IL-1. Acts like TNF, promotes inflammation, migration, coagulation. At high levels it causes fever, increased acute phase proteins and wasting.
Can be competitvely inhibited by naturally occuring proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to TNF and IL-1. Needs either TNF or IL-1 to be expressed. polyclonally activates B-cell proliferation |
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Term
| Interferon alpha and beta |
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Definition
| Type 1 interferons. Anti-viral. Activate NK and MHC I expression. Down MHC II. Target Cells don't proliferate and will turn on anti-viral machinary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Potent inhibitor of Macrophages. Also inhibits IL-2, IL-3, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, and tumor necrosis factor. Produced by activated T and B cells, monocytes and keratinocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| ligand/receptor interactions required for stem cell maintenance and expansion. Part of colony stimulating factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Colony stimulating factor. Lack produces symptoms including piebald pigmentation, anemia, and chronic constipation. |
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Term
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Definition
| broad activator of bone marrow expansion: prolonged exposure produces mast cells: |
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophil/macrophage development |
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Term
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Definition
| push cells to granulocyte lineage: neutrophil and eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
| B cell /T cell growth factor |
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Term
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Definition
| Associate with TCR (also on T cells) to produce activation signal in T lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
4 different proteins (alpha, beta, gamma and delta chains) which are expressed as heterodimers of alpha/beta and gamma/delta. Each Cell only expresses one dimer.All possess the VJ or VDJ similar to Ig chains.
All possess C region domains including transmembrane domains. No isotype switching: C regions remain constant. The delta and beta chains possess D regions so are potentially more diverse than the gamma or alpha proteins. Associate w CD3 and recognize antigen in MHC |
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Term
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Definition
Outer Cortex: immature T cells
Medulla: Mature T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Dendritic like cells in Thymus that wrap around thymocytes. Expresses MHCI and II, produces growth factors and self antigen for negative selection? |
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Term
| Important Cell surface proteins on T killer cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Important Cell surface proteins on B cells |
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Definition
| IgM, B7, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD40, MHC II. |
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Term
| Important Cell surface proteins on NK |
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Definition
| Receptors for MHC I, CD16, CD56. |
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Term
| Important Cell surface proteins on macrophages |
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Definition
| MHC II, B7, CD40, CD14. Receptors for Fc and C3b. |
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Term
| Important Cell surface proteins on T helper cells |
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Definition
| CD4, TCR, CD3, CD28, CD40L |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly polymorphic HLA-A, B, and C. Expressed as heterodimer with beta 2 microglobulin. Codominant, most people express 6. Peptide cleft that TCR and CD8 recognize. |
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Term
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Definition
| Polymorphic DR, DQ, or DP. heterodimer of polymorphic alph and beta chains. Only on APCs and recognized by TCR and CD4 |
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Term
| What does T cell dependent activation require? |
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Definition
1. Ligation of Antigen to cell surface antibody
2. T cell stimulation via cytokines
3. CD40 ligand on activated T cell binds CD40 receptor on B cell |
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Term
| T cell dependent activation process |
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Definition
1. Prolif/diff. produce IgM
2. Isotype switching
3. Affinity maturation
4. Diff to plasma or memory cell |
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Term
| CD 40 does what two things |
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Definition
1. increase affinity between B and Th cells
2. Increase signal transduction in those cells |
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Term
| Mutation in CD40 Ligand leads to... |
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Definition
| Lack of isotype switching and B cell Maturation. |
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Term
| What cytokines produced by T cells stimulate B cell proliferation |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cytokines induce Ig secretion by B cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Occurs in spleen/lymph node.
1. Rapid prolif every 6-12 hrs
2. Somatic mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| HLA-DM functions by promoting the dissociation of the CLIP peptide (a place holder peptide) from MHC class II which allows endosomal peptides to bind. |
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Term
| Bare Lymphocyte syndrome type I and II |
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Definition
Type I: Lacks MHC I, usually due to defects in the TAP protein that pump peptides into the ER. Also can be due to lack of Beta 2 microglobulin.
Type II: Lacks MHC II, can be caused by a number of genetic mutations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by Tregs to block the activation of lymphocytes and monocyte derived phagocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Treg surface protein, binds and downregulates B7 |
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