Term
| gram negative bacteria-PAMP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gram positive bacteria PAMP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PRR for a lipopolysaccharide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PRR for a lipopolysaccharide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PRR for a lipotechoic acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of cells of the innate immune system? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils (PMN)
Macrophages
Natural Killer Cells |
|
|
Term
| What is oxygen-dependent killing? |
|
Definition
activity of phagocytes
produces reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates |
|
|
Term
| what is oxygen-independent killing? |
|
Definition
activity of a phagocyte
results in production of antibacterial proteins--small peptides (lysozyme and defensin)
and proteolytic enzymes (elastase and cathepsins) |
|
|
Term
| another name for natural killer cells |
|
Definition
| Large Granular Lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Interferon-gamma
-activates macrophages to kill pathogens |
|
|
Term
| What does cytokines cause? |
|
Definition
proliferation
differtiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a leukocyte interferon (anti-viral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibroblast IFN (anti-viral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do antiviral IFN do? |
|
Definition
| make other cells resistant to the virus infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activates macrophages to kill pathogens |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the complement system? |
|
Definition
| formation of MAC-membrane attack complex, which kills pathogens...and enhances inflammation>>>opsonizes bacteria, ^^^phagocyte chemotaxis |
|
|
Term
| pathways of the complement cascade? |
|
Definition
classical pathway (antigen-AB complexes)
alternative pathway (pathogen surfaces>>>LPS)
Lectin activation pathway: binds mannose on pathogen surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complement components insert into membrane and forms holes in pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
opsonization
C3b binds to pathogen>>>macrophage binds to pathogen viz the complement receptors on the macrophage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complement protein; acts as chemotactic substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neutrophils stick to endothelium |
|
|
Term
| 3 cells of adaptive immune system? |
|
Definition
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) |
|
|
Term
| what do B lymphocytes do? |
|
Definition
| produce and secrete antibodies that neutralize antigens |
|
|
Term
| what happens after B cells have contacted antigens? |
|
Definition
| differentiate into memory cells or plasma cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide signals for proliferation and differentiation of other immunologic cells |
|
|
Term
| what are T cytotoxic cells? |
|
Definition
| kill abnormal cells (tumor cells) |
|
|
Term
| which lymphocyte requires antigen presentation on the surface of an antigen presenting cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of differentiation marker does a B-cell use? |
|
Definition
| sIg (surface immunoglobulin) |
|
|
Term
| what kind of differentiation marker does a t-helper cell use? |
|
Definition
| CD4 and TCR (T cell receptor) |
|
|
Term
| what kinds of diffentiation markers does a T-cytotoxic cell use? |
|
Definition
| CD8 and TCR (T cell receptor) |
|
|
Term
| 3 kinds of Antigen-Presenting Cells? |
|
Definition
Dendritic Cells
Macrophages
B Cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process antigens by:
phagocytizing
degrading
re-expressing on cell surface |
|
|
Term
| what are primary lymphoid organs? |
|
Definition
where lymphocyte precursors mature to become lymphocytes
Bone marrow
Thymus
Fetal liver
Bursa of FAbricius (birds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are secondary lymphoid tissues |
|
Definition
where lymphocytes contact antigens
spleen
lymph nodes
lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| where do dendritic cells go? |
|
Definition
| from lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes>>>stimulate T and B cells |
|
|
Term
| purpose of mucous on wet epithelium? |
|
Definition
| prevents binding of pathogens/toxins to host cells |
|
|
Term
| role of proline-rich-peptides |
|
Definition
| promote adhesion of symbiotic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what are type I interferon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PRR on innate immune cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the duration of neutropenia related to the risk of infection? |
|
Definition
| it's directly: as time goes on, the risk of infection increases |
|
|
Term
| how is the severity of infection related to neutropenia? |
|
Definition
| inversely related: as the absolute neutrophil count goes up, the risk of infection goes down |
|
|
Term
| what is the hallmark ANC for risk of infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the ANC is lower than 1000 and the ALC is lower than 1000 what is the risk of infection? |
|
Definition
| 16x normal risk (very high) |
|
|
Term
| if ANC is less than 1000 but the ALC is over 1000 what is the risk of infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the ANC is over 1000 but the ALC is nder 1000 what is the risk of infecton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the ANC is over 1000 and the ALC is over 1000 what is the risk of infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a common sign/symptom of a UTI not present in someone with neutropenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a common sign/symptom of pneumonia not present in someone who has neutropenia? |
|
Definition
| inflammation: infiltration of site by leukocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| count of mild neutrophenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| count of moderate neutropenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| objective is to treat, even though the organism isn't identified yet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antigen that induces a specific adaptive response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the antigen that is recognized by the antibody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linear and discontinuous (conformational) |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of compounds that enhance an immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of antigen that is bound/recognized by the immune system, but it has too low of a molecular weight to be a good immunogen |
|
|
Term
| example of a hapten-carrier complex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
something that activates either all B cells or all T cells
binds sugar molecules to T cells
T cells: lipopolysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that are made in response to an antigen and can bind to that antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of an antibody? |
|
Definition
| 4-chains: 2 identical light chains and 2 identical heavy chains |
|
|
Term
| what links the chains togethher on an Ab |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what region of the antibody determines specificity and is the site that binds to the antigen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the constant region of the antibody? |
|
Definition
| determines the class of the immunoglobulin (Ig) (heavy chain) |
|
|
Term
| what determines the biologic funciton of the antibody? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 heavy chain constant regions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| light chain constant regions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "goodness of fit" of the antigen binding site of the antibody |
|
|
Term
| how do antibodies bind antigens? |
|
Definition
| noncovalent (van der waals, hydrogen bonding, etc) |
|
|
Term
| what types of Abs are monomers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of antigen binding sites |
|
|
Term
| what is the first isotype to be expressed in every B cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most abundant Ig class in human serum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what class of Ab can opsonize the antigen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which class of Ab can cross placenta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which class of AB is in external secreitons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of AB mediates allergy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are antibodies produced? |
|
Definition
| lymph tissue, spleen, bone marrow, lamina propria of mucosal tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| block binding sites-inhibition of attachment; enhances phagocytosis; mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| what kind of pathway does Class 1 MHC use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of T cells are MHC1 presenting to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of pathway does MHC class 2 use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of t cells to MHC 2 present to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MHC class 1: endogenous or exogenous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MHC class 2: endogenous or exogenous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structure of MHC class 1 protein |
|
Definition
| one heavy chain (alpha) with 3 domains and 1 light chain (B2m) |
|
|
Term
| which 2 domains of MHC class 1 form the binding cleft? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the peptide binding cleft formed for MHC class 2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| method of processing antigens for class I MHC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| method of processing antigens for class II MHC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are antigens presented by MHC class I? |
|
Definition
| calnexin and other chaperone proteins bind MHC class I and TAP. Proteosome degrades peptide and degraded peptide goes through TAP |
|
|
Term
| how are antigens presented by MHC class 2 |
|
Definition
| an invariant chain blocks the binding site of MHCII; invariant chain is cleaved, but CLIP stays;HLA-DM removes CLIP and peptide binds |
|
|
Term
| how are HLA genes inherited and expressed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are dendritic cells located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are macrophages found? |
|
Definition
| cortex and follicles of lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| where are B lymphocytes found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to dendritic cells as they mature? |
|
Definition
| they become "activated" and not as phagocytic |
|
|
Term
| describe pathway of dendritic cell |
|
Definition
| pick up antigen: travel through lymph to node; present antigen; activate t cell |
|
|
Term
| what happens if T cell encounter specific APCs? |
|
Definition
| proliferate and differentiate |
|
|
Term
| what attaches T lymphocytes to the APCs |
|
Definition
| Cell-surface adhesion molecules |
|
|
Term
| what happens after CAMs bind T lymphocytes to the APC? |
|
Definition
| MHC binds with TCR>>>causes a conformational change in LFA-1 and strengthens the bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complimentarity Determining Region:directs how TCR aligns with MHC |
|
|
Term
| what is T cell activation triggered by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is used to determine if transplant donor and recipient are histocompatible? |
|
Definition
| Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) and 51 CR release assay |
|
|
Term
| 3 drugs used to prevent graft rejection? |
|
Definition
| Prednisone, Cyclosporin A, FK506 |
|
|
Term
| what happens in tissure/organ transplant rejection? |
|
Definition
| T cells attack transplant |
|
|
Term
| what happens in graft v host disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to activate T cell, MHC must bind to TCR AND APC must send a signal to T cell as well |
|
|
Term
| If only the APC signals the T cell... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if only the specific signal from the MHC-TCR binding occurs... |
|
Definition
| T cell becomes inactivated/paralyzed (anergy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| costimulatory molecules on the APC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| costimulatory molecule of the TCR |
|
|
Term
| How do CsA and FK 506 work? |
|
Definition
| interferes with calcineurin |
|
|
