Term
| Where were T helper cell subsets first defined? |
|
Definition
| Strain of mice susceptible to Leishmania major |
|
|
Term
| What are T helper cell subsets defined by? |
|
Definition
| The type of cytokines they make |
|
|
Term
| What are the main cytokines secreted by Th1 lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of Th1 lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit Th2 differentiation, activate macrophages, activate CTLs, help B cells make Ab to help w/ CMI |
|
|
Term
| What are the main cytokines secreted by Th2 lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of Ab do Th1 lymphocytes help B cells make? |
|
Definition
| Opsonizing Ab, Complement-binding Ab |
|
|
Term
| How do phagocytic cells "see" Ab once the infected cell is coated w/ Ab or complement protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main functions of Th2 lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit Th1 differentiation, promote B cells to make neutralizing Ab |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of neutralizing Ab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does neutralizing Ab do? |
|
Definition
| Help eliminate pathogens when they are outside of the cell |
|
|
Term
| What determines whether a strong CMI response or a strong Ab response predominates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of response is req'd for an animal w/ an intracellular bacterium, protozoa, or virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytokine: IL2; Target Cell: _______; Function: ______. |
|
Definition
| T, B, NK Cells; Growth, Proliferation, Activation |
|
|
Term
| Cytokine: IFN-gamma; Target Cell: _______; Function: ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do CMI effector mechanisms require? |
|
Definition
| Th1 CD4+ cells, Activated CTLs, Activated Macrophages, DTH response |
|
|
Term
| Does Ab play a role in the elimination of pathogens inside cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the activation of CD8s to become CTLs, signal 1 = _____ & signal 2 = _____. |
|
Definition
| MHC I + Peptide; Co-stimulation |
|
|
Term
| What leads to proliferation of CTLs? |
|
Definition
| IL2 from Ag-specific CD4 Th cells + IL2R |
|
|
Term
| Once activated, how does the CTL bind to the target cell? |
|
Definition
| TCR-CD3-CD8 molecules interacting w/ target cell's MHC-I mol |
|
|
Term
| In the CTL target cell, what does the MHC-I mol contain? |
|
Definition
| Peptide (from endogenous Ag) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Programmed cell death by DNA fragmentation w/o cell lysis |
|
|
Term
| _____ are contained w/i CTL granules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cytotoxic proteins of CTLs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ punches holes in the target cell membrane, while ____ enters the target cell cytoplasm & induces apoptosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the R-mediated p'way of CTL killing? |
|
Definition
| Fas ligand on CTL interacts w/ FasR on target cell --> Death by apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the Fas p'way? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Fas p'way, _______ death signal is transmitted from ____ to ____. |
|
Definition
| Transmembrane; CTL; Target Cell |
|
|
Term
| Who discovered DTH response? What bacterium was involved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Koch observed that people ______ infected w/ M. tb developed ________ when a filtrate of the organism was injected ____. |
|
Definition
| Previously; Localized Inflammatory Response; ID |
|
|
Term
| How long does DTH response take? |
|
Definition
| Days; 24-48hr after challenge |
|
|
Term
| DTH response requires _______. |
|
Definition
| Prior sensitization period |
|
|
Term
| When is the peak of DTH response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the DTH test take 24-48 hrs? |
|
Definition
| Time for circulating memory Ag-specific Th1 CD4+ T-helper cells to get to site of Ag challenge, respond to Ag, call in mac's by making cytokines, & induce inflam @ site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Th1 Helper Cells & their cytokines |
|
|
Term
| How do Th1 Helper Cells respond in DTH? |
|
Definition
| Via TCR to specific Ag; then call in mac's |
|
|
Term
| What kills the pathogen in DTH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aside from killing the pathogen, what do mac's do in DTH? |
|
Definition
| Release chemokines, some of which are chemotactic for neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| Once initiated, immune responses are later _____ in healthy animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the DTH rxn, what is secreted to inhibit further mac activation & to terminate the DTH rxn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the tissue rxn in DTH consist of? |
|
Definition
| T-cells, Dead cells, mac's, neutrophils, edema fluid, fibrin, & fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| What is the local inflammatory rxn called in skin TB test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mycobacteria are resistant to ______, until _______ are activated by ______. |
|
Definition
| Intracellular destruction; Mac's; Th1 Cells |
|
|
Term
| W/ Mycobacterium, after weeks, a _____ or _____ forms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many mac's coming in, but ineffective |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of DTH. |
|
Definition
| Allergic Contact Dermatitis; Tuberculin Test |
|
|
Term
| What is the TB test called in cattle? |
|
Definition
| Bovine Caudal Fold TB Test |
|
|
Term
| The TB test is a ______ test for ______. |
|
Definition
| In vitro; CMI (Ag-specific T-lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What does the TB test ask? |
|
Definition
| Are there any Mycobacterium-specific Th-1 CD4-T-lymphocytes in this animal? |
|
|
Term
| What is injected in a TB test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PPD is common to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the route of administration of PPD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the PPD injected in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the site of inj examined in a TB test in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a (+) TB test indicate? |
|
Definition
| Exposure to some kind of Mycobacterium organism; Memory CD4+ T-cells (Th-1 cells) are circulating & recognize Mycobacterium Ag's |
|
|
Term
| Does a (+) caudal fold TB test mean that the cow was exposed to M. bovis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is done after a (+) Cd fold TB test? |
|
Definition
| Federal vets test w/ specific protein from M. bovis & M. avium on the neck (Comparative Cervical Test) |
|
|
Term
| When PPD is inj ID, what picks up & processes it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do Mycobacterium specific memory Th-1 CD4-T-lymphocytes recognize Ag? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If memory Th-1 CD4-T-lymphocytes are present, what will they do in a TB test? |
|
Definition
| Proliferate & make cytokines which call in mac's & other T cells |
|
|
Term
| What do mac's do in TB response? |
|
Definition
| Call in neutrophils by making cytokines |
|
|
Term
| Some cytokines released by mac's in TB rxn will _________. |
|
Definition
| Cause localized vasculitis w/ leakage of fluid into the extra-vascular space (edema) |
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons for a false (+) TB skin test rxn in a human? |
|
Definition
| Vaccinated against TB; Exposure to M. avium or M. bovis; Previous exposure to other cross-reacting Ags |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BCG vaccine (Modified live strain of M. bovis) |
|
|
Term
| Is M. avium pathogenic in humans? |
|
Definition
| Only in severely immunosuppressed people. |
|
|
Term
| How is humoral immunity/type & level of Ab to a particular pathogen tested in an animal? |
|
Definition
| Serology on serum sample (from blood), or some other sample (CSF, jt fluid, etc) |
|
|
Term
| Are there any in vitro assessments of CMI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is Th1/CMI response best? |
|
Definition
| Intracellular virus, bacteria, or parasite |
|
|
Term
| When is Th2/humoral response best? |
|
Definition
| Extracellular bacteria or parasite |
|
|
Term
| What type of response is best for exposure to M. tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the outcome of an infection? |
|
Definition
| Relative strength of Th1 & Th2 responses to a microbe |
|
|
Term
| A _________ is required to adequately respond to intracellular pathogens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of inf's that req. a good Th1 CMI response. |
|
Definition
| Leishmania in dogs (intracellular protozoa), M. lapromae in primates, M. paratuberculosis in cattle & sheep, HIV in people |
|
|
Term
| What does HIV infect & destroy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In AIDS, there is a loss of _______ function. Person is now very S to ________, ______, & ______. |
|
Definition
| Th1 CD4+ cell; Intracellular bact, viruses, & parasites |
|
|
Term
| In tuberculoid leprosy, there is ______ and it is ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In lepromatous leprosy there is ______ & it ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the mol's that can bind Ag? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each B cell makes Ab w/ ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many epitopes can the immune system recognize via BCR & TCR repertoire? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the TCR/BCR repertoire generated before or after Ag-exposure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does BCR repertoire generation occur? It is referred to the generation of ______. |
|
Definition
| Primary lymphoid tissue (bone marrow); Diversity |
|
|
Term
| Which B cell precursors leave the primary lymphoid tissue to populate the secondary lymphoid tissue? |
|
Definition
| Those which do not recognize self-Ag |
|
|
Term
| What % of naive B cells do not react w/ Ag & undergo apoptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the BCR of a naive but mature B-cell binds Ag, what does this activate? |
|
Definition
| B cell to replicate & differentiate into plasma cell |
|
|
Term
| In most situations, what does a B cell need to make Ab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region is the same in Ab from all progeny of a particular B cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for one clone in clonal expansion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for multiple clones in clonal expansion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variable region of Ab mol. may be joined to diff. constant region, producing diff. classes of Ab |
|
|
Term
| If made by the same plasma cell/any progeny, what happens to Ag specificity in class switching? |
|
Definition
| Remains the same even if class of Ab changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How tightly Ab can bind Ag |
|
|
Term
| As Ab affinity increases, what happens to Ab specificity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to Ab affinity as B cells continue to make Ab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an animal is exposed to a pathogen, or vaccinated, & the pathogen expresses many epitopes, what does the polyclonal Ab do? |
|
Definition
| Ab's made to all diff. epitopes w varying degrees of affinity |
|
|
Term
| W/ polyclonal Ab's, serum from the animal contains ______. |
|
Definition
| Many diff. Ab to the pathogen/vaccine Ag |
|
|
Term
| Polyclonal Ab = many diff _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What leads to monoclonal Abs in vivo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for MoAbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are MoAbs derived from? Therefore? |
|
Definition
| Single Clone or its daughter cells; All Identical |
|
|
Term
| How are MoAbs made in the lab? What is the result? |
|
Definition
| Fusing plasma cells w/ cancer B cells (result = hybridoma) |
|
|
Term
| What does the Fc region of Ab consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Fc Region of Ab responsible for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Fc region of Ab do? |
|
Definition
| Links bound Ag to mol's or cells causing destruction of Ag |
|
|
Term
| Many cells have FcR that are specific to particular class or subclass of ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the class of Ab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Fc region is a part of _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each H & L chain pair forms _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are Ag-Ab interactions reversible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many Ag-binding sites does each Ab mol have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is each Ag-binding site of an Ab called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area of the Ab determines Ag-specificity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regions differ among Abs? What does this result in? |
|
Definition
| Constant regions of H chains; Ab adaptation to perform diff. functions |
|
|
Term
| Some constant regions are adapted to allow _____ to bind to them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some constant regions bind _____ (if they have ____). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the classes/Isotypes of Ig? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Different classes of Ab have diff. _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines whether the Ab made is of what class? |
|
Definition
| Genes that code for constant region |
|
|
Term
| (Ig classes) The appropriate gene is expressed when certain cytokine signals are rec'd by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aggregation, Opsonization, Neutralization, Mast Cell Degranulation, ADCC, Complement Cascade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ab-dependent cell cytotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| What is ADCC? This type of killing is _____, but not ____. |
|
Definition
| Killing of Ab-coated target cells by cytotoxic cells (NK cells usually, also monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, B cells) that have surface FcR for the Ab; Ag-specific; Not MHC-restricted |
|
|
Term
| Ab function - Aggregation |
|
Definition
| Ag's become insoluble due to Ab binding & form complexes (mac's remove insoluble Ag-Ab complexes) |
|
|
Term
| Ab function - Opsonization |
|
Definition
| Ab forms a bridge btw Ag or pathogen & phagocyte - facilitates phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Ab function - Neutralization |
|
Definition
| Ab inhibits entry of pathogen into cell or neutralizes effect of toxin |
|
|
Term
| Ab against tetanus toxin is an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ab function - Mast cell degranulation |
|
Definition
| IgE mediated process - round worm removal, allergies... |
|
|
Term
| What kills the microbe in ADCC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Through ADCC, Ab can act as a bridge btw _____ (part of ___ sys), a/o ______ & target cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blocking entry of microbe = _____ Ab |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the highest [ ] of IgG found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main Ab of secondary response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it easy or difficult for IgG to leave the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathogens & toxins (neutralizes toxins), Phagocytes via FcR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig passes through tissues & placenta in dogs & primates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Ig is in high conc. in colostrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgM has ____ mol's, ____ binding sites, & is _____ Da. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does IgM neutralize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is better at agglutinating? IgG or IgM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 1st Ig made as a specific response develops? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgM has a ____ half-life. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If IgM is present at high level, it may indicate ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complement can act as an opsonin by binding what region of IgM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some IgM mediated functions? |
|
Definition
| Aggregation, Neutralization, Complement-mediated lysis, Opsonization through complement (not FcR) |
|
|
Term
| Where is IgA monomeric? Dimeric? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form of IgA is involved in mucosal transport & protection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the IgA monomer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prevents the dimeric IgA from being degraded by proteases in the intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is IgA in colostrum or milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Milk, Tears, Saliva, Bile |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important function of IgA? |
|
Definition
| Prevent adherence of bact & viruses to epithelial surfaces (Mucosal Protection) |
|
|
Term
| IgE is present in ____ conc. in serum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is IgE similar in structure to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| FcR on mast cells, basophils, eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| _____ are cytotoxic for nematodes (round worms), arthropods, & protozoa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is triggered by Ag binding IgE that is attached to a cell? |
|
Definition
| Rapid release of inflammatory mol's --> Acute inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What is one inflammatory mol. released by mast cells or eosinophils that are triggered by IgE bound to their surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are histamines? What do they cause? |
|
Definition
| Vasoactive amines; smooth m. contraction & increased vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
| What do vasoactive amines help w.? |
|
Definition
| Propulsion of parasites out of GI tract |
|
|
Term
| IgE mediates what type of hypersensitivity rxn's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Ig is largely responsible for immunity to parasitic worms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the half-life of IgE when free in sol'n? When bound to a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many routes are there for B cell activation by Ag? What are they? |
|
Definition
| 2; T-dependent & T-independent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do TD Ags require to activate a B cell? |
|
Definition
| Help/direct contact from Th cells |
|
|
Term
| Are TD Ags soluble or insoluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TD Ags can invoke _______ w/ induction of _____ ( _____ ). |
|
Definition
| Immunologic Memory; Isotypes (Class Switching) |
|
|
Term
| Only TD Ags are capable of _____, ______, & ______. |
|
Definition
| Class switching, Affinity Maturation, & Memory Response |
|
|
Term
| What Ags are capable of class switching, affinity maturation, & memory response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Usually ____, but also _____ make cytokines that promote B cell Ig production. |
|
Definition
| Th2 CD4 T-cells; Th1 CD4 T-cells |
|
|
Term
| What type of Ig do Th1 cytokines help B cells make? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of Ig do Th2 cytokines help B cells make? |
|
Definition
| Primarily IgE & IgA; Some IgG |
|
|
Term
| What is the end result of B cell activation by TD Ags? |
|
Definition
| Ab production by plasma cells, including class switching & affinity maturation; Generation of Memory B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activate B cells via BCR w/o T-cell contact |
|
|
Term
| What types of Ags are TI? |
|
Definition
| Simple repeating polymers (ex: LPS of E. coli & other Gr- bact |
|
|
Term
| What type of response is generated by TI Ags? How long does it last? |
|
Definition
| Humoral, Primary; Short-lived |
|
|
Term
| What Ig is produced by humoral response to TI Ags? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there class switching w/ TI Ags? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are memory cells generated from TI Ags? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ab class-switching only occurs w/ _______ responses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Ab class-switching enable? |
|
Definition
| Ab specificity to remain constant while biological effector activities of the molecule may vary |
|
|
Term
| TD Ag --> Class switching involving interaction w/ _____ via _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patients that do not express CD40L on Th cells only make what Ig? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During class switching, what happens to the variable region of the Ab? What does this preserve? |
|
Definition
| Stays the same; Ag-specificity |
|
|
Term
| Change ____ of Ab by switching to a diff Ig class/isotype. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is class switching driven by? |
|
Definition
| Cytokines & Repetition (secondary immune responses) |
|
|
Term
| Generation of memory B cells allows for a ______ response to Ag. |
|
Definition
| Secondary Humoral Immune response |
|
|
Term
| In what phase of the primary immune response is the Ag degraded by macs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what phase of the primary immune response is newly made Ab combined w/Ag, & complex removed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is circulating Ab in the serum at the time of 2nd exposure, then there is _______ of Ag. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 phases of primary Ab response? |
|
Definition
| Lag, Log, Plateau, Decline |
|
|
Term
| Lag phase of primary Ab response |
|
Definition
| Ab recognized by naive B cell, proliferates, differentiates, & starts to make Ab |
|
|
Term
| Log phase of primary Ab response |
|
Definition
| Ab concentration increases as more plasma cells appear |
|
|
Term
| Plateau phase of primary Ab response |
|
Definition
| Steady state btw Ab synthesis & Ab degradation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compared to the primary Ab response, secondary has _______ lag phase, _____ log phase & ________ decline |
|
Definition
| Shorter; Faster & higher; Slower |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the secondary Ab response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compared to primary ab response, anamnestic response log phase is _________ higher. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In anamnestic Ab response, how long does Ab persist? |
|
Definition
| Months to years or lifetime |
|
|
Term
| What is the major class of Ab during a primary response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major class of Ab during a secondary response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does IgM persist in the primary Ab response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does IgG (or IgA or IgE) persist in the secondary Ab response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would one expect to detect IgM for an extended period of time? |
|
Definition
| Some infections w/ persistent, chronic Ag stimulation |
|
|
Term
| What do high IgM titers usually correlate w/? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Usually, a ____ dose of Ag leads to higher affinity Ab production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the primary immune response, what is the lag after immunization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the secondary immune response, what is the lag after immunization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the primary immune response, what is the peak response (comparatively)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the secondary immune response, what is the peak response (comparatively)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the primary immune response, what is the Ab isotype? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the secondary immune response, what is the Ab isotype? |
|
Definition
| Relative increase in IgG & under certain situations IgA & IgE (heavy chain class switching) |
|
|
Term
| In the secondary immune response, what is the Ab affinity? |
|
Definition
| Higher average affinity (affinity maturation) |
|
|
Term
| In the primary immune response, what is the Ab affinity? |
|
Definition
| Lower average affinity, more variable |
|
|
Term
| In opsonization, Ab-bound microbe is removed via ________. |
|
Definition
| Fc portion of Ab to FcR on phagocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of neutralization? |
|
Definition
| Ab bound to toxins can inhibit effects of toxin; Ab bound to viruses can inhibit ability of viruses to infect cells |
|
|
Term
| What Ab is involved in blocking of attachment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of blocking of attachment. |
|
Definition
| GI pathogen that can't bind epithelium b/c coated w/ Ab; can be carried out by fluids & peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| What is the main Ab in mast cell degranulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does IgE bind to mast cells? What does this induce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results from mast cell degranulation? |
|
Definition
| Hypersensitivities (Allergies, Asthma); Protection against parasites/worms |
|
|
Term
| What, besides IgE, is involved in mast cell degranulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary Ab's of ADCC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Feline Infectious Peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| In aggregation, Ag's are usually _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ag-Ab complexes become _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for Ag-Ab formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Ag-Ab complex formation used for in vitro? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens w/ Ag-Ab complexes in vivo? |
|
Definition
| Initiate hypersensitivity rxn or immune complex dz |
|
|
Term
| What should remove Ag-Ab complexes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Removal of infectious agents leads to _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the agent is not removed by the immune response, there may be _______. Immune response is ____. |
|
Definition
| Inapparent inf (persistent inf but no dz); Controlling the inf |
|
|
Term
| In FIP, the immune response may either be ____ or ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T-helper cell subsets are _____ lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the outcome of FIP inf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wet form of FIP is due to a strong _____ response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of a Th2 rxn in FIP? |
|
Definition
| a lot of Ab & immune complex formation; immune complex vasculitis |
|
|
Term
| What type of hypersensitivity rxn is caused by the Th2 response (Vasculitis) in FIP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mediates the classic p'way of the complement system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretory IgA exists as a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of Passive Transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Zn turbidity text; ELISA; Radial immunodiffusion; Measurement of total protein, albumin, & gamma fraction |
|
|
Term
| What can interfere w/ early vaccination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is type I hypersensitivity diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Skin testing; Testing for Total & Specific IgE |
|
|
Term
| How is type I hypersensitivity treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some clinical results of type II hypersensitivities? |
|
Definition
| Anemia, Leucopenia, Thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| What are some secondary causes of Ab formation in type II hypersensitivities? |
|
Definition
| Drugs; Infectious agents such as hemoparasites |
|
|
Term
| What is a primary cause of type II hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of preformed Ab's to RBC Ag? (Type II hypersensitivity) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is immune mediated hemolytic anemia (type II hypersensitivity) diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Type III hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| Ab-Ag complex formation; complex deposition, complement activation, neutrophils, +/- mast cells degranulated by some complement proteins |
|
|
Term
| How is type III hypersensitivity diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Detection of Ab in the tissues (Immunofluorescence) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Type IV hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| Th1 response; activation of mac's & CTLs, tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a DTH trigger. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is found in the abdominal fluid in wet FIP? |
|
Definition
| High protein, Inflammatory cells (neutrophils) |
|
|
Term
| What are the results of Ab titer in wet FIP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What binds to the immune complexes in wet FIP? What does it lead to? |
|
Definition
| Complement Protein (C3); release of chemotactic factors & increased permeability & inflammation of vessel wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens w/ Th1 response in FIP? |
|
Definition
| Virus eliminated; Activated CTLs & mac's clear inf |
|
|
Term
| Is Ab helpful in clearing FIP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protective immunity to FIP virus is entirely _____ (_____ is req'd). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What T-helper cell subset causes the wet form of FIP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What T-helper cell subset causes the dry form of FIP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What damages the vessels in wet FIP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is vaccination after FIP exposure contraindicated? |
|
Definition
| Giving more Ag to complex w/ Ab that is already there |
|
|
Term
| Tx of FIP is aimed at ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some forms of Tx for FIP? How does it help? |
|
Definition
| Prednisolone, Cyclophosphamide; to decrease Ab prod & Th2 |
|
|
Term
| Complement components are a collection of _____ proteins synthesized by ______ & ______, some stored by ______. |
|
Definition
| >20; hepatocytes & mac's; neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What % of the globulin fraction of serum is complement components? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complement components exist as ______/______ which are _______ until _________ which removes ______ & exposes _______. |
|
Definition
| Zymogens/Pro-enzymes; inactive enzymes; proteolytic cleavage; inhibitory fragment; active site |
|
|
Term
| What are complement components designated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of complement proteins? |
|
Definition
| Ab & non-Ab mediated lysis of cells, bact, viruses, parasites; opsonization; inflammation; mast cell degran; clear immune complexes |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 components of complement protein induction of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Chemotaxis of neutrophils, Increased vascular permeability, Smooth m. contraction |
|
|
Term
| Where are immune complexes deposited by complement proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are complement proteins found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there any cells in the complement system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence of events of the complement system referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 pathways of the complement cascade? |
|
Definition
| Alternate/Natural & Specific/Classical |
|
|
Term
| Is the alternate/natural p'way activated w/ Ab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the classical/specific p'way activated w/ Ab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the alternate/natural p'way triggered by acquired immune sys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of the lectin p'way? |
|
Definition
| Serum lectins bind mannose on pathogen |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of the alternate p'way. How soon does it occur? Does it req previous exposure? |
|
Definition
| Certain polysaccharides on pathogen surface can activate the sys; can occur immediately; doesn't req previous exposure |
|
|
Term
| What is the lectin p'way an example of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is classical p'way triggered by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of Ab is involved in complement fixation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the Ab activates complement protein C1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Ig is more efficient at activating the C system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C1 can't bind IgM/G until IgM/G has _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At some point in the complement cascade, proteolysis of a complement protein leads to _____. |
|
Definition
| A small protein & a peptide |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the small protein in the complement cascade? |
|
Definition
| Remains bound to complex @ surface of pathogen |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the peptide in the complement cascade? |
|
Definition
| Diffuses away & can produce degran of mast cells & basophils or chemotaxis of neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 important complement proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What allows for the control of the complement system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The complement cascade continues & at some pt a final complex called _____ forms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the membrane attack complex do? |
|
Definition
| Causes cell lysis @ pathogen surface |
|
|
Term
| What type of microbes is the complement system effective in lysing? |
|
Definition
| Gr - bact, enveloped viruses, parasites, fungi |
|
|
Term
| What can develop resistance to attack by the complement sys? |
|
Definition
| Some bact, Some vir, Some tumor cells |
|
|
Term
| What are some means of evasion of the complement sys? |
|
Definition
| Bacterial capsule prevents MAC insertion & C3b deposition (Streptococcus); Elastase in bact inactivates some complement components; Viral proteins mimicking regulatory proteins interrupt cascade; tumor cells endocytose MAC & seal up membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of immune mechanisms do mucosal surfaces have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The SA of the intestine & resp. tracts are _____ larger than the SA of skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The resp., urogenital, & GI systems contain large amounts of ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 categories of mucosal lymphoid tissues? |
|
Definition
| Inductive sites & Effector Sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sites where Ags are encountered, processed, & immune responses (humoral & CMI) are initiated |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of inductive sites. |
|
Definition
| Tonsils, Appendix, GALT, BALT, Peyer's patches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mucosal sites where Abs & cell-mediated responses are carried out |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of effector sites. |
|
Definition
| Diffuse lymphoid tissues @ mucosal surfaces |
|
|
Term
| What cells are in the dome region of Peyer's patches? |
|
Definition
| Dendritic cells, CD4 T cells, Mac's |
|
|
Term
| What cells are in the germinal center of Peyer's patches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are in the parafollicular region of Peyer's patches? |
|
Definition
| CD4, CD8, mac's, dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| _____ occurs in Peyer's Patches, but ______ occurs in villi. |
|
Definition
| Ab class-switching; Ab secretion into lumen |
|
|
Term
| B cells activated in mucosal inductive sites primarily secrete ______ @ mucosal surfaces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides a route by which intestinal immunity can be transferred to the newborn through milk? |
|
Definition
| Movement of IgA-secreting B cells from intestine to mammary gland |
|
|
Term
| Oral admin of Ag to pregnant animals will result in appearance of IgA Ab's in _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mucosal surfaces are protected by ____ & ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Ab's produced on mucosal surfaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ & ____ destroy Ag w/i surface tissues by ____. |
|
Definition
| IgE & IgG; Immune Elimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Saliva, Intestinal Fluid, Nasal & Tracheal Secretions, Tears, Milk, Colostrum, Urine |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important function of IgA? |
|
Definition
| Prevent adherence of bact & vir to epithelial surfaces (Immune Exclusion) |
|
|
Term
| What synthesizes & secretes IgA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dimeric IgA binds to a R on the basal surface of enterocytes, called _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the Poly-Ig-R-IgA complex? |
|
Definition
| Endocytosed & transported across enterocyte |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the Poly-Ig-R-IgA complex when it reaches the luminal surface? |
|
Definition
| Endocytic vesicle fuses w/ plasma membrane & exposes IgA to intestinal lumen |
|
|
Term
| Part of the Poly-Ig-R mol. is cleaved off leaving the ______ still attached to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the R peptide chain called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dimeric IgA bound to the secretory piece called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Secretory IgA Resistant to? |
|
Definition
| Proteases w/i mucus @ surface of epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What is an exception to the rule that Ab doesn't act inside cells? |
|
Definition
| IgA is transported through enterocytes & can act inside them |
|
|
Term
| What can IgA do inside enterocytes? |
|
Definition
| Bind viral proteins & interrupt viral replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immune mechanisms that destroy Ag that penetrates the mucosal barrier |
|
|
Term
| What mediates immune elimination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does IgE attach to in immune elimination? |
|
Definition
| Mast cells w/i intestinal walls, resp. tract & skin |
|
|
Term
| What happens if invading organisms in the intestinal wall evade IgA & gain access to tissues? |
|
Definition
| IgE-mediated responses triggered |
|
|
Term
| Degran of mast cells leads to release of ____, leading to ______ |
|
Definition
| Vasoactive mol's --> Inflammation, increased vascular permeability, fluid leakage btw enterocytes & fluid entering lumen |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of immune elimination? |
|
Definition
| Parasitic worms invade intestinal mucosa; fluid & inflam increase intestinal motility & force the parasite to disengage & be flushed out |
|
|
Term
| What animals are born w/ incomplete devo of acq immune sys? |
|
Definition
| Species w/ short gestation period, such as rodents |
|
|
Term
| What animals are born w/ fully devo, naive acq immune sys? |
|
Definition
| Species w/ long gestation period (domestic mammals) |
|
|
Term
| What does complete functional ability of the acq immune sys depend on? |
|
Definition
| Antigenic Stimulation after birth (environmental exposure) |
|
|
Term
| What is passive immunity? |
|
Definition
| Ab a/o immune cells provided by another source |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of passive immunity. |
|
Definition
| Maternal Abs transferred via colostrum or through placenta; Exogenous Tx (bone marrow transfer, admin of plasma containing Ab) |
|
|
Term
| Do primates have prenatal maternal IgG transfer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do dogs & cats have prenatal maternal IgG transfer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do rums have prenatal maternal IgG transfer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do horses have prenatal maternal IgG transfer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calves & foals are born w/ no ______ circulating. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ab is actively transferred from ______ to colostrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Abs are present in colostrum? How much of each? |
|
Definition
| Rich in IgG & IgA; some IgM & IgE |
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant Ig in colostrum of most major domestic animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of total Ab in colostrum is IgG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As lactation progresses, colostrum changes to ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has more Ab - milk or colostrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most Ab in colostrum is from the dams _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most Ab in milk is from production of Ab in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant class of Ig in ruminants colostrum? In milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant class of Ig in pigs & horses colostrum? In milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgA in colostrum & milk exists as a _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much colostrum to calves & foals ingest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does maternal IgG bind to in the newborn? |
|
Definition
| FcRn on intestinal epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| How is IgG internalized in newborns? |
|
Definition
| Pinocytosis; enters lacteals & intestinal caps, then general circulation |
|
|
Term
| In neonates, what is the optimal time for absorption of Abs? |
|
Definition
| w/i 1st 6 hrs after birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After 24 hrs, new layer of enterocytes forms & prevents absorption b/c lacking FcRn for Ab |
|
|
Term
| When is gut permeability to Ab highest? When does it decline? |
|
Definition
| Immediately after birth; After ~6hr |
|
|
Term
| When does gut closure occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does IgG absorption protect neonates from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacterial inf in circulation |
|
|
Term
| What does continuous intake of IgA a/o IgG from milk protect against? How? |
|
Definition
| Enteric dz after gut closure; Blocks entry of pathogens into intestine |
|
|
Term
| What Ig protects neonates against septicemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Ig protects neonates against enteric dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much IgG do foals require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much IgG do calves require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered partial FPT in foals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered complete FPT in foals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of foals have some level of FPT? What % become septic b/c of it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered FPT in calves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons for FPT? |
|
Definition
| Production failure, Ingestion failure, Absorption failure |
|
|
Term
| In what animal is production failure --> FPT more common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some parameters of production failure FPT? |
|
Definition
| Insufficient or poor quality; Premature lactation; Premature neonate |
|
|
Term
| What are some parameters of ingestion failure FPT? |
|
Definition
| inadequate intake (multiple births, poor mothering); poor suckling drive (jaw defects, damaged teats) |
|
|
Term
| Is production failure a problem w/ the dam or neonate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is ingestion failure a problem w/ the dam or neonate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes absorption failure FPT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evaluate amt of Ig in serum of neonate |
|
|
Term
| What are some diagnostic tests for FPT? |
|
Definition
| Salt ppt/Turbidity Test; Measurement of Total Serum Protein; ELISA; Radial Immunodiffusion |
|
|
Term
| What is a salt ppt/turbidity test for FPT? How is it read? |
|
Definition
| Zinc sulfate or sodium sulfate + serum sample ppts globulins, read visually |
|
|
Term
| What result of the sal ppt/turbidity test indicated FPT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals is total serum protein measured to diagnose FPT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In total serum protein measurement, what does accuracy depend on? |
|
Definition
| Hydration level of the animal |
|
|
Term
| What is the ELISA test for FPT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is radial immunodiffusion? |
|
Definition
| Ppt ring (serum Ig reacts w/ anti-equine Ig) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
|
|
Term
| What is the Ag in the ELISA test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species is Tx of FPT generally done w.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is FPT treated at <15 hrs of age? |
|
Definition
| Give 2-3L of colostrum orally |
|
|
Term
| How is FPT treated at 15 hrs, but less than 3 wks of age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is FPT treated at 3 wks of age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does maternal Ab offer immediate protection in the neonate? |
|
Definition
| Systemically & @ mucosal surfaces |
|
|
Term
| How does maternal Ab react w/ vacc? |
|
Definition
| Can bind to vacc Ag & sequester it away from neonate immune sys |
|
|
Term
| What does maternal Ab do to neonatal Ab prod? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In foals, how long can low levels of maternal Ab persist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is needed to ensure that a young animals immune sys sees vacc Ag & can respond to it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest age to vaccinate puppies & kittens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should foals and calves be vaccinated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often should puppies & kittens be revaccinated? Until when? |
|
Definition
| Every 2-4wk, until 18-20wk old |
|
|
Term
| When should calves & foals be revaccinated? |
|
Definition
| At 6mo or after weaning to ensure protection |
|
|
Term
| How many types of hypersensitivities are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hypersensitivities are mediated by Ab? Which are mediated by T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How quick is the response in Type I hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How quick is the response in Type II hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How quick is the response in Type III hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How quick is the response in Type IV hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells & mediators are involved in Type I hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| mast cells, basophils, Th2, IgE, histamine |
|
|
Term
| What cells & mediators are involved in Type II hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells & mediators are involved in Type III hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| Soluble Ag-Ab complex, Complement, Neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What cells & mediators are involved in Type IV hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| Macs, Th1 cells, cytokines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a type II cytolytic response? |
|
Definition
| Complement binds to IgG or IgM, causing cell lysis |
|
|
Term
| Where does Ag-Ab complex deposit in type III HS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Type I HS localized or systemic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immediate (Type I) HS rxn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetically determined predisposition to develop clinical (Type-1) allergies |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of allergies/atopy? |
|
Definition
| Hay fever (allergic rhinitis), eczema, asthma, urticaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Skin edema/hives; type of skin rash consisting of red edematous plaque-like eruptions (often pruritic) |
|
|
Term
| What are type I HS rxns caused by? |
|
Definition
| Contact w/ Ag against which host has pre-existing IgE Ab which is bound to surface of mast cells |
|
|
Term
| Acute inflammation results in... |
|
Definition
| Explosive release of mast cell granule contents when IgE on cell surface binds Ag |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of Type I HS. |
|
Definition
| Allergies, Atopy, Acute inflammation, Exaggerated response to environmental Ags |
|
|
Term
| How do most normal animals respond to environmental Ags? |
|
Definition
| Producing IgG or IgA w/o clinical consequences |
|
|
Term
| What region of Ab does IgE bind to? How? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Ag responsible for type I HS start by stimulating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What, besides mast cells, can bind IgE & contribute to Type I HS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is released by mast cell granules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of histamine release? |
|
Definition
| smooth m. contraction; vasodilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For release of mediators from mast cells in Type I HS, it must be a _____ exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What triggers the signal to the mast cell to degranulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common inhaled sources of allergens? |
|
Definition
| Pollen, Dust, Dander, Mold, Feces of dust mites |
|
|
Term
| What are some common injected sources of allergens? |
|
Definition
| insect venom, vaccines (adjuvant), drugs, therapeutic proteins |
|
|
Term
| What are some common ingested sources of allergens? |
|
Definition
| Food, Orally administered drugs |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 phases of Type I allergies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do early phase reactions occur? |
|
Definition
| Immediately; w/i 10-20min after degran of mast cells |
|
|
Term
| When do late phase rxns occur? |
|
Definition
| several hours later; peaks 6-12 hrs later; subsides |
|
|
Term
| What mediates early phase inflammatory rxns? |
|
Definition
| Histamine & Heparin from mast cells |
|
|
Term
| What are early phase inflammatory rxns called when they involve skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the results of histamine & heparin release in early phase rxn? |
|
Definition
| Vasodilation, smooth m. contaction, mucus prod @ resp sites, pruritis |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of late phase rxn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mediates late phase rxn? |
|
Definition
| Chemotactic factors from mast cells that attract eosinophils & neutrophils & release of factors from these cells |
|
|
Term
| Which phase is important in causing symptoms of asthma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type I HS dz characterized by reduction in airway diameter, leading to dyspnea |
|
|
Term
| Recruitment of ______ to epithelial sites leads to tissue damage in asthma. |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory cells (eosinophils & neutrophils) |
|
|
Term
| Are localized inflammations always caused by type I HS? |
|
Definition
| No; many factors, ex:irritants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of localized type I HS? |
|
Definition
| Puppy allergic to vaccine develops angioedema; Person allergic to food Ag develops skin rash |
|
|
Term
| What is the most extreme form of type I HS? |
|
Definition
| Systemic Anaphylaxis/Anaphylactic shock |
|
|
Term
| In anaphylactic shock, there is massive ______ & ______ |
|
Definition
| Mast cell degran; Mediator release |
|
|
Term
| What type of signs are seen in anaphylactic shock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the acute systemic signs of anaphylactic shock? |
|
Definition
| marked vasodilation w/ marked drop in BP (hypotension), vascular permeability, edema, fluid accumulation in shock organ, blood loss & pooling in shock organ, hypovolemia, smooth m. contraction & bronchoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary organ systems affected in anaphylaxis in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary organ systems affected in anaphylaxis in cattle & sheep? |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary signs predominate |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary organ systems affected in anaphylaxis in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary organ systems affected in anaphylaxis in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do dogs present w/ anaphylactic shock? |
|
Definition
| Excitement followed by vomiting, defecation, urination, then muscular weakness & depressed resp. |
|
|
Term
| Give some specific examples of type I HS. |
|
Definition
| Vacc (Al adjuv); Drugs as haptens (penicillin); Parasites (flea allergies); urticaria |
|
|
Term
| What do CS of type I HS d/o? |
|
Definition
| # & location of mast cells, eosinophils & basophils; degree of sensitization of animal; amt of Ag; route of admin |
|
|
Term
| Are urticaria always due to type I HS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have the highest occurrence of urticaria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause urticaria in dogs and horses? |
|
Definition
| Inhaled or ingested Ags, drugs, insect bites |
|
|
Term
| Does route of entry indicate system involved in response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some Dx tests for type I allergies? |
|
Definition
| Measure total IgE in serum, Measure IgE specific to suspected Ag, ID skin test |
|
|
Term
| What test is used to test for IgE to allergens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is an ID skin test performed? |
|
Definition
| Inject sm. amt of suspected Ag into dermis, measure wheal & flare response & compare to controls |
|
|
Term
| In ID skin test, what is the reactant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the positive control in ID skin test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are type I allergies treated? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit mast cell degranulation & effects; Inhibit histamines; corticosteroids; Anti-IgE Ab; Hyposensitization |
|
|
Term
| What does anti-IgE Ab do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is mast cell degran inhibited? |
|
Definition
| Epinephrin: stimulates beta adrenergic R's; smooth m. relaxation & vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| In what animal is norepinephrine & dexamethasone used instead of epinephrine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do anti-histamines do? |
|
Definition
| Bind histamine R's on cells |
|
|
Term
| What do corticosteroids do? |
|
Definition
| Stabilize cell membranes & prevent AA breakdown & inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What must be known for hyposensitization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does hyposensitization do? |
|
Definition
| Switches Ab response to Ag away from IgE to IgG response |
|
|
Term
| What Ab mediates Type II HS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes destruction of cells in Type II HS? |
|
Definition
| Pre-existing specific Ab binds to Ag |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Except when the rxn is ______, type II HS rxn target cells are ____ to the host, such as _____. |
|
Definition
| Autoimmune; Foreign; Transfused RBCs |
|
|
Term
| When are type II HS rxns typically seen? |
|
Definition
| Blood Transfusion recipients; Autoimmune dz |
|
|
Term
| What type of HS is human ABO incompatibility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pre-existing Ab's after priming to Ag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may happen when Ab binds cells in type II HS? |
|
Definition
| Agglutination or Hemolysis or Opsonization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What may cell destruction be due to in Type II HS? |
|
Definition
| Complement Proteins binding Ab on cells & triggering classical complement p'way & cell destruction |
|
|
Term
| What is a cell destruction mechanism in Type II HS? Explain it. |
|
Definition
| ADCC; Killing of Ab-coated cells by cytotoxic cells w/ surface FcR or Ab (ex. NK cells) |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of Type II HS. |
|
Definition
| Transfusion rxns; Hemolytic dz of neonate (Neonatal Isoerythrolysis); Immune-mediated Cytopenia |
|
|
Term
| What are the blood types in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of cats are blood type A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of cats are blood type B? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of cats are blood type AB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does one test to see what type of blood a cat has? |
|
Definition
| Anti-A in one well, Anti-B in another; Add RBCs from cat to each well; well w/ Agglutination = Type |
|
|
Term
| What is a positive result on a blood type card? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a negative result on a blood type card? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What human blood type has no Ab's in plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What human blood type has anti-A & anti-B Ab's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What human blood type has anti-A Ab's only? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What human blood type has anti-B Ab's only? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What human blood type is the universal donor of packed RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What human blood type is the universal recipient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species have neonatal isoerythrolysis? |
|
Definition
| Humans, Horses, Cattle, Dogs, Cats |
|
|
Term
| What happens in Neonatal Isoerythrolysis to initiate the sensitization period? |
|
Definition
| Fetal RBCs leak into maternal circulation @ birth |
|
|
Term
| What is the neonate's blood type to the dam's in isoerythrolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 indicators of RBC destruction? |
|
Definition
| Hemolysis observed in serum sample; Low PCV; Hematuria |
|
|
Term
| What foals/calves/puppies will experience hemolysis if they have the sire's blood type? |
|
Definition
| Those subsequent to the first that caused sensitization |
|
|
Term
| What does the dam's colostrum contain in neonatal isoerythrolysis? What does this cause? |
|
Definition
| Maternal Ab's against neonate's RBCs; Hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the first foal w/ blood type foreign to the dam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the foal get Ab that destroys its RBCs in neonatal isoerythrolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of immune-mediataed cytopenias? |
|
Definition
| anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia |
|
|
Term
| Immune-mediated platelet cytopenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune-mediated RBC cytopenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune-mediated WBC/leukocyte cytopenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How common is leukopenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What binds platelets/RBCs/WBCs in immune mediated cytopenias? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is removed by mac's in immune mediated extravascular cytopenias? Where? |
|
Definition
| Ab & C3b coated cells; Spleen, liver |
|
|
Term
| What binds Ab/C3b-coated cells leading to extravascular hemolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors are involved w/ extravascular hemolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors are involved w/ intravascular hemolysis? Where does it occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do IgG & IgM activate in intracellular hemolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune-mediated cytopenias can either be ____ or ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of primary immune-mediated cytopenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of cell destruction in thyroiditis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is secondary immune-mediated cytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Ab's Secondary to drug Tx or infectious agent |
|
|
Term
| In cytopenias secondary to drug Tx, how is the drug immunogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed in secondary type II HS to drug tx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of haptens that cause type II HS. |
|
Definition
| Penicillin; Triple Sulfa Antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| How is immune-mediated hemolytic anemia diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a bacterial Ag that can cause Type II HS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a Type II HS caused by an infectious agent. |
|
Definition
| Equine Infectious Anemia Virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equine Infectious Anemia Virus |
|
|
Term
| Where does EIAV replicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does EIAV Ag stick to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some pathogens that infect RBCs & cause altered Ag's to be expressed on their surface? |
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma canis, M. felis, Anaplasma (rickettsia), Babesia (protozoa) |
|
|
Term
| Mycoplasma canis & felis are _____ borne agents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does RBC destruction lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When penicillin binds albumin, it creates a type ____ HS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When penicillin binds RBCs, it creates a type ____ HS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Coombs Test test for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a positive Coombs Test? Negative? |
|
Definition
| Agglutination of RBCs; No Agglutination |
|
|
Term
| How is Coombs Test performed? |
|
Definition
| Take pt's RBCs, Add Ab that recognizes Ab on RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What is mouse-anti-dog-Ab? |
|
Definition
| Ab made in a mouse that recognizes dog Ab |
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in Tx of immune-mediated cytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Determine if primary or secondary |
|
|
Term
| How is primary immune-mediated cytopenia treated? For example? |
|
Definition
| Immunosuppressive Drugs; Glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| How is secondary immune-mediated cytopenia treated? |
|
Definition
| Treat underlying condition (ex: drug removal, antibiotics) |
|
|
Term
| What Ig is usually involved w/ Type III HS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are type III HS due to? |
|
Definition
| Formation of excessive amounts of immune complexes btw Ab & Soluble Ag |
|
|
Term
| In Type III HS, what do the immune complexes do? |
|
Definition
| Activate complement & cause acute inflammation in the tissues where they are |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of Type III HS? Where do they occur? |
|
Definition
| Local & Generalized; In tissues & In Circulation, respectively |
|
|
Term
| In generalized Type III HS, where are the complexes deposited? What do they do there? |
|
Definition
| In tissues (blood vessel walls in joints, kidneys), Cause Inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Type III HS? |
|
Definition
| Immune complex formation, deposition, & -mediated inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What does complement do in type III HS? |
|
Definition
| Bind mast cells & cause them to degran; products are chemotactic for neutrophils which release enzymes & cytokines & cause acute inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of localized Type III HS. |
|
Definition
| Arthus Rxn, Blue Eye, Heaves |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of generalized Type III HS. |
|
Definition
| Serum Sickness, Glomerulonephritis, S. equi |
|
|
Term
| How are immune complex conditions (III) treated? |
|
Definition
| Treat underlying condition (ex: anti-microbials), Suppress immune sys (glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide) |
|
|
Term
| What is the vaccine for arthus rxn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In arthus rxn, what is observed @ inj site? |
|
Definition
| Localized redness, swelling (edema), pain, hemorrhage, thrombosis; tissue necrosis if severe |
|
|
Term
| When is the maximum arthus rxn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is complement activation req'd for arthus rxn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is done in arthus rxn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would cause a positive result in arthus rxn? |
|
Definition
| Animal already has Ab's to Ag & can form complexes (IgG) |
|
|
Term
| Who is affected by blue eye? |
|
Definition
| Small % of dogs infected w/ Canine Adenovirus Type 1 or vaccinated w/ modified live Canine Adenovirus Type 1 vacc |
|
|
Term
| Describe the lesion in blue eye. |
|
Definition
| Anterior uveitis leading to corneal edema & opacity |
|
|
Term
| What is formed in blue eye? What presents in the lesion? |
|
Definition
| Virus-Ab complexes; Neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| How soon after inf does blue eye devo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually resolves spontaneously |
|
|
Term
| What is heaves in horses similar to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of heaves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is heaves triggered by? In what horses? |
|
Definition
| Exposure to/inhalation of organic dusts (contain molds) in older horses w/ genetic predisposition |
|
|
Term
| What is obstructed in heaves? Due to what? |
|
Definition
| Small airway due to bronchoconstriction & excessive mucus prod. |
|
|
Term
| In heaves, what do alveolar infiltrates consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does heaves involve complement activation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one sign of glomerulonephritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rxn to IV-injected proteins (usually in antiserum) derived from another species (inj of non-protein Ag's can trigger same response) |
|
|
Term
| When was serum sickness 1st recognized? |
|
Definition
| When serum from horses was given to humans IV to provide passive immunity or Ab; Horse serum proteins were seen as foreign; Lg amts of foreign soluble Ag was being injected |
|
|
Term
| What was the characteristic rxn that developed in humans injected w/ horse serum? When did it occur? When did it subside? |
|
Definition
| Generalized vasculitis w/ erythema, edema, urticaria, neutrophenia, ln. enlargement jt swelling, proteinuria; 10 days after inj; in a few days |
|
|
Term
| What do serum sickness lesions coincide with? |
|
Definition
| Formation of lg amts of immune complexes in circulation |
|
|
Term
| What can cause serum sickness in animals? |
|
Definition
| Anti-serum from another species; tetanus toxin anti-serum, anti-venom serum, plasma |
|
|
Term
| What is most glomerulonephritis in domestic species due to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Purpura hemorrhagica ; Strangles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hemorrhagic area in the skin; area of bleeding >3mm in diameter |
|
|
Term
| Purpura hemorrhagica due to reduction in circulating platelets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of purpura hemorrhagica is caused by S. equi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune complexes cause ____ in Strangles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is S. equi the only cause of purpura hemorrhagica in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some general components of Type IV HS? |
|
Definition
| Ag-sensitized Th1 CD4 lymphocytes & CD8 lymphocytes; Th1 cytokines; Activated mac's |
|
|
Term
| When is the peak Type IV HS response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of Type IV HS? |
|
Definition
| DTH; Contact HS (Allergic Contact Dermatitis); Transplant Rejection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins: insect venom, Mycobacterial proteins (tuberculin, lepromin) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Ag in contact HS? |
|
Definition
| Haptens: pentadecacatechol (poison ivy), small metal ions (Nickel, Chromate) |
|
|
Term
| What are consequences of DTH? |
|
Definition
| Erythema, Induration, Cellular infiltrate, Dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of Contact HS? |
|
Definition
| Local epidermal rxn: Erythema, Cellular infiltrate, Contact dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| All all contact dermatitises Type IV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In tuberculin rxn, what is in the dermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Tuberculin rxn detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the new TB test for humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of M. tb. Ag's to stimualte host sensitized lymphocyte prod of IFN-gamma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M. tb Ag's not present in non-tuberculous Mycobacteria or in BCG vacc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IFN-gamma released from sensitized lymphocytes from whole blood incubated overnight w/ PPD from M. tb |
|
|
Term
| If a patient has been exposed to M. tb, what do their T lymphocytes produce in response to M. tb Ag's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many visits does IGRA test req? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does IGRA test rely on interpretation of degree of skin swelling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In tuberculin rxn, where is cellular infiltrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In allergic contact dermatitis, where is the cellular infiltrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give causes of allergic contact dermatitis |
|
Definition
| Poison Ivy, Drug-Induced, Formaldehyde, Nickel |
|
|
Term
| What does poison ivy bind to as a hapten? What does it stimulate? |
|
Definition
| Skin proteins; Type IV HS |
|
|
Term
| In drug induced contact dermatitis, what does the drug act as? What does it bind to? Give examples. |
|
Definition
| Hapten; Skin proteins; Penicillin, Neomycin, Sulfa medications, Local anesthetics (Novocaine) |
|
|
Term
| What route of drug administration causes allergic contact dermatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of drug-induced contact dermatitis in humans? Where is it found? |
|
Definition
| Neomycin; Antibiotic Creams |
|
|
Term
| What are some sources of formaldehyde? |
|
Definition
| Cosmetics, Textiles (wrinkle resistance), Furniture, Upholstery, Newspaper dyes, Paper |
|
|
Term
| What does formaldehyde bind? What does this cause? |
|
Definition
| Proteins; Skin HS & asthma |
|
|
Term
| What does nickel dissolve in? What does it bind to? |
|
Definition
| Weakly acid environment of sweat; Proteins (albumin, complement) w/ high affinity |
|
|
Term
| What are some sources of nickel? |
|
Definition
| Costume jewelry, dog collars, metal eyeglasses |
|
|
Term
| What does nickel hapten bind to? What does this cause? |
|
Definition
| Keratinocytes; Cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis of keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is Tx for allergic contact dermatitis? |
|
Definition
| Avoid contact w/ chemical/substance; Anti-inflammatory drugs (glucocorticoids); Antibiotics for secondary inf's |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 types of Type IV HS to transplants? |
|
Definition
| Host vs. Graft rejection; Graft vs. Host rejection; HY Ag expressed by male Y chromosome |
|
|
Term
| What is host vs. graft rejection due to? |
|
Definition
| Rxn against MHC molecules expressed by tissue graft |
|
|
Term
| In host vs. graft rejection, ______ of recipient recognize _______ in graft tissue. |
|
Definition
| T-cells (TCR); Allogenic MHC I mol's |
|
|
Term
| What does TCR recognizing allogenic MHC I mol's lead to in transplant rejection? |
|
Definition
| Direct activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Acute transplant rejection by CTLs occurs w/i ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does chronic rejection of transplants occur? What does it involve? |
|
Definition
| Months later; Th1 & mac's induced by foreign MHC II mol's |
|
|
Term
| When does graft vs. host rejection occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What from transplanted bone marrow causes graft vs. host rejection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do foreign lymphocytes in transplanted bone marrow do? Why? |
|
Definition
| Destroy cells & tissues of the recipient; They see recipient's tissues as foreign due to MHC expression |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the bone marrow transplant recipient when the foreign lymphocytes see its tissues as foreign? |
|
Definition
| Immunosuppression b/c of their own bone marrow (full of tumor cells) had to be destroyed 1st in order to receive the transplant |
|
|
Term
| Explain HY Ag expressed by male Y chromosome causing HS to transplants. When is it observed? |
|
Definition
| Graft from male into female may be rejected due to immune response to HY ; Skin grafts |
|
|
