Term
| Cause of chronic inflammation |
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Definition
| inability of body to clear pathogens leads to chronic response |
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Term
| targets for antiinflammatory drugs |
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Definition
| lipid mediators and cytokine mediators |
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Term
| components of innate immune system |
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Definition
| macrophages and neutrophils |
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Term
| components of adaptive immune system |
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Definition
| white blood cells, t cells, macrophages, b-cells |
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Term
| components linking innate and adaptive immune system |
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Definition
| cytokines, antibodies, complements |
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Term
| specificity in adaptive v innate immune system |
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Definition
| immune broad specificity, recognizing PAMPs adaptive narrow recognizing specific epitaphs |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharides, peptides, polunucleotides not found in the host |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from specific polypeptides recognizing unique pathogens |
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Term
| receptor differences between innate and adaptive |
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Definition
| innate: prr (Pattern recognition receptors), adaptive: T-cell and B-cell |
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Term
| response times: innate v adaptive |
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Definition
| innate: immediate, adaptive, 3-5 days |
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Term
| classes of species that have adaptive response |
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Definition
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Term
| Fk506 and cyclosporin use |
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Definition
| transplants inhibiting NF-kb activation |
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Term
| role of macrophages in acute response |
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Definition
| phagocytize bacteria as well as PMNs |
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Term
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Definition
| chemoattraction, adhesion, diapadesis |
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Term
| process by which neutrophils have their action |
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Definition
| OCl superoxide, enzymatic activity, acidic activity |
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Term
| protein attacked by neutrophils |
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Definition
| C3b protein, attached by antigens to bacteria |
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Term
| Plasma cell role in immunology |
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Definition
| packed with ER, factory for immunoglobulins |
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Term
| Immunoglobulin mechanism of action |
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Definition
| bind to receptors on pathogens which prevent pathogens from binding to target cells |
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Term
| immunoglobulins and neutrophil interaction |
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Definition
| Fc portion of Ig is recognized by PMNs. Ig acts as (constant region)a complement to PMN, entire process known as opsonization |
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Term
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Definition
| variable region of Ig v functional region |
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Term
| Bacteria binding site size for Ig |
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Definition
| ~ 5 amino acids in length |
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Term
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Definition
| link adaptive and innate immune systems; can occasionally lyse cells; present pathogens for opsonization |
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Term
| three ways that complement can be activated |
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Definition
| alternative, classical, mannose binding |
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Term
| intersection protein of all 3 complement activating pathways |
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Definition
| C3b; C3b is a cleavage product of C3 |
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Term
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Definition
| Ig bind to pathogen surface (typically IgM), C1 recognizes the bound Ig and binds to them forming complex, this complex becomes a protease cleaving C2 and C4 which bind to pathogen surface as C2b and C4b, C3 interacts with these proteins and cleaves, C3b binds to pathogen forming active complement and begins opsonization |
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Term
| which part of complement do neutrophils recognize |
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Definition
| C3b; C3b acts as a protease on other C-class proteins which ultimately build complex and bore pore into pathogen |
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Term
| chemotactic factor for neutrophils |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| alternate pathway of opsonization |
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Definition
| C3 gets hydrolyzed and gets cleaved to C3a and C3b; Factor B binds to C3b on cell surface; Bb displaced on host surface and C3b is inert; on pathogen surface BbC3b complex yields many more C3 sites |
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Term
| alternate pathway of opsonization |
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Definition
| C3 gets hydrolyzed and gets cleaved to C3a and C3b; Factor B binds to C3b on cell surface; Bb displaced on host surface and C3b is inert; on pathogen surface BbC3b complex yields many more C3 sites |
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Term
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Definition
| MBL recognizes mannose residue; mannose serine proteases cleave C2 and C4; C2b and C4b form C3 and then enters the common pathway |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| mediator of neutrophil adhesion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "tethering"; they recognize carbohydrates and salicylics on the surface of neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| factors C5a; PAF and leukotrienes recognize receptors on neutrophil surface; drag neutrophil to site of diapadesis |
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Term
| key molecules on endothelial surface that recognize neutrophils |
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Definition
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Term
| steroid mediation of inflammation |
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Definition
| inhibit cleavage of cell membrane phospholipases which would lead to arachidonic acid synthesis |
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Term
| thromboxane physiological effect |
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Definition
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Term
| prostaglandin physiological effect |
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Definition
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Term
| leukotriene physiological response |
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Definition
| vasoconstriction; bronchospasm; increase permeability |
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Term
| vWF attracts which protein |
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Definition
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Term
| receptors that bind fibrinogen |
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Definition
| GpIIA and GpIIIb form dimer and bind fibrinogen creating basis for clot |
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Term
| main lipid based mediators released by platelets |
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Definition
| thromboxane A2 and leukotriene B4 |
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Term
| receptor on glycoproteins that bind to vWF |
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Definition
| G1b; vWF binds to exposed subendothelium, attracts glycoproteins which bind through G1b receptor, activated platelets start releasing fibronectin, serotonin and chemoattractants, dimer is formed between GPIIb and GPIIIa which binds fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| released by activated endothelial cells and macrophages, chemoattractant for neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by platelets and macrophages; chemoattractant for macrophage but tends to inhibit their activation as well as inhibiting activation of t-cells |
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Term
| SAR of carbonic anhydrase |
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Definition
| Sulfamoyl with unsubstituted nitrogen, other sulfamoyl can be subsituted for carboxilic which may increase diureses |
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Term
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Definition
| macrophages enter arterial wall and are filled with cholesterols; fibrous cap can weaken and rupture; blood clot forms at point of rupture which will occlude vessel; gp2b and gp3a come together to form fibrin; integrin interferes with this process and can be used therapeutically to prevent clot formation |
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophils accumulate in 3-5 days and must be cleared prior to healing; neutrophils removed via apoptosis, signal undefined |
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Term
| macrophage downregulation |
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Definition
| macrophage remain at injury site for weeks with eventual apoptosis or possible transformation |
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Term
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Definition
| factor V expressed on surface of platelet; circulating prothrombing converted to thrombin in presence of Ca++ and lipid membrane; thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin |
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Term
| two mechanisms that increase connective cell proliferation after monocyte/macrophage migration |
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Definition
| chemoattraction of mesenchymal cells (eg fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells); proliferation of mesenchymal cells |
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Term
| potent mesenchymal chemoattractants |
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Definition
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Term
| connective tissue responsibilities |
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Definition
| deposition of extracellular matrix, particularly collagen |
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Term
| endogenous agents causing chronic inflammation |
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Definition
| lipids such as cholesterols |
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Term
| Macrophage products involved in tissue destruction |
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Definition
| oxygen metabolites, proteases, neutrophil chemotactic factors, coagulation factors, AA metabolites, nitric oxide |
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Term
| Macrophage products involved in fibrosis |
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Definition
| PDGF, FGF, TGF-beta, fibrogenic cytokines, angiogenesis factors, remodeling collagenases |
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Term
| enzymes released by activated macrophage |
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Definition
| protease, elastase, collagenase, plasminogen activator, acid hydrolases, phosphatases, lipases, complement (C1 - C5), properdin, coags V. VIII. tissue factor, reactive oxygen metabolites, eicosanoids, cytokines, growth factors, nitric oxide |
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Term
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Definition
| complexes with C3b to stabilize C3b convertase which then cleaves more C3 in alternate pathway |
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Term
| Differentiation of phagocytes |
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Definition
| microglia, kuppfer cells, alveolar macrophages |
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Term
| activators of macrophages |
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Definition
| activated t cells (interferon gamma), nonimmune activation (endotoxin) |
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Term
| autocatalytic cycle in chronic inflammation |
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Definition
| macrophage releases cytokines which activate leukocytes which release leukokines which activate macrophage |
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Term
| granuloma causing pathogens |
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Definition
| tuberculosis; leprae; treponema pallidum; gram negative bacillus; schistosomiasis; cryptococcus neoformans; coccidioides immitis |
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Term
| histological characteristics of a chronically inflamed lung |
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Definition
| Destruction of lung parenchyma-normal alveoli are replaced by spaces lined by cuboidal epithelium |
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Term
| mechanism of rheumatoid arthritis |
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Definition
| synovial membrane undergoes hyperplasia; synovium vasculurized; CD4 and B cell infiltration; synovial membrane transformed to inflammatory tissue: pannus |
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Term
| mediation of cytokine signalling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis |
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Definition
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Term
| methods of blocking inflammatory cytokines |
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Definition
| soluble TNF receptor fusion proteins; soluble IL-1 receptor; monoclonal antibody against TNF; monoclonal antibody against IL-6 |
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Term
| methods of receptor antagonism in blocking inflammatory cytokines |
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Definition
| recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist; monoclonal antibody against IL-6 receptor |
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Term
| activation of antiinflammatory pathways to inhibit inflammatory cytokines |
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Definition
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Term
| IL-1 inflammation mediation on hypothalmus |
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Definition
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Term
| IL-1 inflammation mediation on muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| IL-1 inflammation mediation on T-cells |
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Definition
| production of IL-2, BCGF, IFN |
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Term
| IL-1 mediation of hepatocytes in inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
| IL-1 mediation of B-cells in inflammation |
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Definition
| stimulation and antibody production |
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Term
| IL-1 mediation of fibroblasts in inflammatory response |
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Definition
| proliferation and collagen production |
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Term
| bacterial products that stimulate IL-1 production in macrophages |
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Definition
| bacteria, lipopolysaccharide, muramyl dipeptide |
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Term
| inert particles that stimulate IL-1 production in macrophages |
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Definition
| silica or latex; beryllium salts |
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Term
| immunological factors that stimulate IL-1 production in macrophages |
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Definition
| activated T-cells; IFN-gamma; antigen-antibody complexes |
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Term
| additional factors that stimulate IL-1 production in macrophages |
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Definition
| phorbol myristic acetate; concanavalin A; pyran copolymers |
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Term
| upregulation of acute phase proteins |
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Definition
| CRP and SAA 1000X; transferrin, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, a1 antitrypsin, a1 acidglycoprotein 3X |
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Term
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Definition
| marker for chronic inflammation, up to 1000X upregulation; signals phagocytic activity to clear debris |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive loss of sodium in urine |
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Term
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Definition
| flaw in NaCL channel (where thiazides normally work) preventing Na resorbtion and causing naturesis |
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Term
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Definition
| mannitol - IV; glycerin - ocular; isosorbide - emergency glaucoma; urea - intracranial pressure |
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Term
| NF-xb activation inhibition |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic oxidase interacts with receptor in presence of NADPH; O2 becomes free radical; gets converted to H2O2; in presence of myeloperoxidase OCl free radical is formed |
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Term
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Definition
| serum proteins synthesized in liver; |
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Term
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Definition
| PAF; P5a; LTB4; LPS; fMLP; PDGF |
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Term
| neutrophil chemotactic factors |
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Definition
| bacterial products; C5a; C567; kallikrein; mast cell factor; thromboxanes; HETES; collagen breakdown products; plasminogen activator; prostaglandins; immune complexes; fibrin breakdown products |
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Term
| histamine and serotonin mediates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| vascular leakage and pain |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular leakage; leukocyte adhesion and activation |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular leakage; chemotaxis; leukocyte adhesion and activation |
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Term
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Definition
| potentiates other factors; pain; faver; vasodilation |
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Term
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Definition
| chemotaxis; leukocyte adhesion and activation |
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Term
| leukotriene C4, D4, E4 mediates |
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Definition
| vascular leakage; vasoconstriction; bronchosonstriction |
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Term
| oxygen metabolites mediate |
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Definition
| vascular leakage; chemotaxis; endothelial and tissue damage |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular leakage; chemotaxis; bronchoconstriction; leukocyte priming |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular leakage; chemotaxis; bronchoconstriction; leukocyte priming |
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Term
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Definition
| chemotaxis; acute phase reactions; endothelial activation |
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Term
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Definition
| chemotaxis; leukocyte activation |
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Term
| nitric oxide mediation of anemia |
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Definition
| vasodilation and cytotoxicity; also leads to B-12 deficiencies |
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Term
| chemotactic for macrophages |
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Definition
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Term
| main mediators produced by macrophages |
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Definition
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Term
| macrophage innate receptors |
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Definition
| mannose; LPS; glucan; TLR-4; scavenger |
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Term
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Definition
| sickle cell; for adolescents or adults w/frequent pain; 500mg 6-8 weeks |
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Term
| transplant issues in sickle cell |
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Definition
| reserved for adolescents; 10% mortality due to sterility issues;only 15% of children have matched sibling donors |
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Term
| absorption of iron preparations |
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Definition
| 15%; ferrous sulfate is agent of choice |
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Term
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Definition
| ferrous sulfate agent of choice; more expensive agents ferrous fumarate and ferrous gluconate |
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Term
| superoxide formation with Fe2+ |
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Definition
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Term
| parental iron preparation |
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Definition
| iron dextran; bypasses mucus block; can lead to anaphylaxis, iron overload |
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Term
| antidote for iron overload |
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Definition
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Term
| drugs that cause B-6 deficiencies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| myelin sheath maintenance; methionine synthesis (DNA synthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| cyancobalamin; hydroxocobalamin |
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Term
| Castle's intrinsic factor deficiencies |
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Definition
| leads to B-12 deficiencies; gastritis can lead to deficiency of this factor |
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Term
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Definition
| radioactive B-12 to see whether it is being absorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| B-12 is a cofactor converting homocystein to methionine; deficiencies lead to homocysteine accumulation which leads to platelet aggregation which can lead to infarcts in young people |
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