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| Costimulates activation of helper T cells |
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| Stimulates ICAM expression on vascular endothelial cells |
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A chemotactic that attracts WBCs |
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| Induces secondary cytokines, like chemokines & IL6 |
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| Induces proliferation of TH1 and supports the growth of TH1 |
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| enhances the activity of NK cells & CTL |
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IL-2 remember that IL2 is produced by TH1 cells, & TH1 cells r involved w/ viruses & bacteria |
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| T or F: A TH2 cell will have IL-2 receptors. |
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| True. This is how it is inhibited by TH1. |
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| T or F: IL-4 & IL-5 are nearly identical |
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| promotes TH2 proliferation in addition to mast cell growth. |
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| Involved with parasitic immunity |
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| promotes the proliferation & differentiation of B cells. |
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| eosinophil growth and function |
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| Induces an Ig class switch from IgG to IgE |
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| All the things TH2 does and wound healing |
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| produced by TH2 cells & Treg cells |
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| suppresses cytokine production by macrophages & TH1 cells. It also suppresses MHC II. |
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What IL is a chemokine produced by macrophages & mast cells? What is this IL a chemoattractant for? |
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Definition
IL8 neutrophils and T cells |
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| All nucleated cells possess MHC I; therefore, all nucleated cells can be APCs, & all APCs present MHC I. |
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| All nucleated cells can make & all nucleated cells have receptors for ? |
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| Every nucleated cell can make TNF-a, and every nucleated cell has a receptor for TNF-a. |
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| cytotoxic to tumor cells & well known for its involvement in both the acute phase response & its induction of cytokine secretion from inflammatory cells. |
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| What is the acute phase response? |
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| The acute phase response is an inflammatory response from the liver that is brought about by a septic response. It is a primary mediator of septic shock. TNF-a & IL-1 are similar in activity & noted for their involvement in septic shock & chronic inflammatory diseases. |
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| Produced by TH1 cells, CTL, & NK cells |
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| What does IFNy enhance the activity of ? |
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| Antivirals used as pharmaceuticals? |
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| These antiviral pharmaceutics can make proteins in a cell that can inhibit the cell from proliferating |
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| inadvertantly have anti-cancer effects |
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Definition
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| The major function of these cytokines is that they induce the MHC I on all somatic cells. They also activate macs and NKs. |
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| Cytokines control every aspect of the body's defenses. Name 3 things cytokines do |
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Definition
1) activate or deactivate phagocytes & immune defense cells 2) increase or decrease the function of immune defense cells 3) promote or inhibit a variety of nonspecific body defenses. 4) stimulate or inhibit the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and/or funciton of cells. |
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| produced by immune & non-immune cells |
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| What is the major function of TGFb? |
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| Stimulates hematopoietic & lymphoid cells, among others, to differentiate. Therefore, It also inhibits proliferation of these cells (only liver cells can proliferate & differentiate at the same time |
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| Name 4 kinds of cytokines |
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Definition
| chemokines, monokines, lymphokines, interleukins |
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| Name 3 ways in which we cope with cytokine pleiotropy |
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Definition
1)The expression of cytokine receptors can be regulated (eg, a naive T cell that hasn't been exposed to Ag, will not express IL2 receptor) 2) limited radius of effectiveness 3) they have short half lives (which is why they have a limited radius of effectiveness), b/c they are proteins and they get degraded quickly by serum proteases |
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| What do CSFs do? How are they important as pharmaceuticals? What else can they do? |
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Definition
| They stimulate leukocyte formation in the bone marrow. They are used as pharmaceuticals for bone marrow transplants. They are also pro-inflammatory |
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| They are chemoattractant, adhesive, pro-inflammatory molecules that attract and stick to WBCs to promote inflammation. Their class names are based on their peptide structure. Their peptide structure reveals what types of WBCs they will attract and stick to. CXC is a class of neutrophil chemoattractants. If CXC has an amino terminus of ELR, it will attract neutrophils and be involved in acute inflammation. If the ELR is not present, CXC will attract T cells and be involved in chronic inflammation. CC is a class of mononuclear cell chemoattractants. |
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| Why would you rather find neutrophils instead of T cells in an inflammatory response? |
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Definition
T cells are attracted when there is no ELR amino terminus on the CXC chemokine. This typically occurs during chronic inflammation. Neutrophils are attracted by CXC chemokines that have an ELR amino terminus. Neutrophils are attracted when the inflammation is acute. |
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What are 5 possible mechanisms of autoimmunity? |
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Definition
ABAMA 1) autoreactive T cells escaping from the thymus 2) breakdown of peripheral tolerance (loss of anergy) 3)Ag-nonspecific lymphocyte activation (eg, superantigens) 4)Molecular mimicry 5)Abnormalities in lymphocyte interactions |
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| Discuss the 3 forms of IL2R. Then explain the IL2R mechanism. |
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Definition
| If the IL2R contains an a-subunit only, the IL2 will bind w/ moderate affinity. If IL2R has a by-subunit, the IL2 will bind w/ intermediate affinity and signal transduction will occur. If IL2R has an aby-subunit, the IL2 will bind to the a-subunit w/ strong affinity. The a-subunit will then transfer the IL2 to the by-subunit for transduction. It will then undergo many phosphorylations by kinases. These phosphorylations cause transcription factors to bind to DNA and cause a biological response. |
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What drug has reduced the need for blood transfusions? Why isn't this drug good for cancer pts? |
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Definition
epoetin It's a growth factor. |
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Choose from HLA, Rh, and ABO to determine what is most important for pregnancy, blood transfusions, and transplants |
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Definition
HLA - transplants ABO - blood transfusions Rh - pregnancy |
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What cells express FcyR and are active in ADCC? What is ADCC? |
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Definition
APCs and NK cells Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is where APCs and NK cells have a FcyR that binds and destroys Abs via their FcR. |
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What is the problem presented by transplants? |
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Definition
| Transplants often involve organs. Organs have nucleated cells. All nucleated cells express HLA. The recipients T cells recognize the HLA and destroy the organ's nucleated cells. As pharmacists, we try to make drugs that will induce tolerance via immunosuppression. Unfortunately, we can't just suppress the T cells that recognize HLA; we have to suppress all of the T cells. |
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Definition
LADI is due to a deficiency in b2-integrins, keeping the leukocyte from transmigrating to the SOI. LADII is due to a lack of sialyl-lewis receptor on the leukocyte. Consequently, margination will not occur, because the sialyl lewis receptor is what the selectins on the endothelial cells bind to. |
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What do NK cells do? What do they kill? |
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Definition
They destroy cells that don't have MHC I markers. They're also involved in ADCC. They kill virally infected cells, tumor cells, and intracellular parasites. |
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