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| the study of the physiological mechanisms that humans and other animals use to defend their bodies from invasion by other organisms |
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| cells that collectively are responsible for defense against infection |
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| prevention of disease by prior exposure to the infectious agent or a part of an infectious agent in a form that cannot cause disease |
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| microorganisms that live in a healthy human and do not cause disease |
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| any organism with the potential to cause disease |
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| organisms that cause disease only if the bodies defenses are weakened or if they get in the wrong place |
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| Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Parasites |
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| composed of keratinized cells that forms an impermeable barrier |
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| internal surfaces specialized for communication with the environment |
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| protect the skin, stomach, and vagina |
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| thick fluid layer containing molecules to protect the body's cells from damage; also contain enzymes to kill pathogen |
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| antimicrobial peptides secreted by epithelial cells |
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| first line of defense a pathogen encounters that can clear an infection |
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| engulf pathogens, virus infected cells, and complement coated pathogens |
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| molecules secreted by innate immune cells and are responsible for initiating the immune response |
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| 3 Primary Roles of Cytokines |
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Definition
1. Cause vasodilation
2. Immune cell recruitment
3. Immune cell activation |
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| overall effect of the innate immune response (heat, pain, redness, swelling) |
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| a branch of the immune response that becomes activated if a pathogen is not cleared by an innate immune response |
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| Clonal selection & expansion |
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Definition
| adaptive immune cells proliferate and differentiate against the infecting pathogen |
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Definition
| white blood cells that adapt and respond to specific components of a pathogen |
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| Immunological/long term memory |
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Definition
| subsets of B & T-lymphocytes will circulate in the body to quickly expand if a pathogen is encountered again |
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| first immune response against a pathogen |
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| Secondary immune response |
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| immune response following subsequent infections by the same pathogen |
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| common name for white blood cells |
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| Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) |
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| the common progenitor or precursor of leukocytes/white blood cells |
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| primary cells that initiate an adaptive immune response |
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| Granulocytes (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil) |
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Definition
| contain cytoplasmic granules responsible for killing pathogens |
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| specialize in capturing, engulfing, and destroying microorganisms |
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| important against helminth worms and other intestinal parasites |
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| important against parasites |
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| contributes to inflammation |
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| give rise to platelets that are responsible for blood clotting |
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| surface receptors are immunoglobulins (Igs) |
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Definition
| surface receptors are T-cell receptors with two types of effector cells |
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| Primary/central lymphoid tissue |
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Definition
| where lymphocytes develop and reach maturity |
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| Secondary/peripheral lymphoid tissue |
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| where mature lymphocytes become stimulated to respond against invading pathogens |
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| a system of vessels originating in the connective tissues that collect plasma that has leaked from the blood and return it to the blood via the thoracic duct that empties into the left subclavian vein |
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| mixture of fluid and cells that flow through the lymphatics |
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| secondary lymphoid tissue that lie at junctions of the lymphatic vessels |
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| movement of mature lymphocytes from the primary lymphoid tissues --> secondary lymphoid organs and lymphatics --> back to the blood |
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| Secondary lymphoid tissue |
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| where lymphocytes encounter pathogens and become activated |
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| the lymph node receiving fluid from an infected site |
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| Afferent lymphatic vessels |
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| deliver pathogens and lymph to lymph nodes |
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| Efferent lymphatic vessels |
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| exit and take lymph away from lymph node |
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| effector B cell that secretes antibodies |
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| effector T cells that secrete cytokines that activate other immune cells |
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| effector T cells that destroy cells infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens |
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| filters damaged cells and pathogens from the blood |
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| removes old and damaged cells |
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| secondary lymphoid tissue in which lymphocyte responses to blood-borne pathogens are made |
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| Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath |
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Definition
| sheath that surrounds central arteriole made primarily of T cells |
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| B cell rich area in the spleen |
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| Lymphoid follicles and germinal center |
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| structure where lymphocytes activated by pathogens are being selected for proliferation |
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| contains differentiating B cells and macrophages |
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| Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) |
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Definition
| lines the digestive system and includes the tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer's patches |
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| specialized cells of the mucosal epithelium that deliver pathogens from the lumen of the gut to the lymphoid tissue of the gut wall |
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| Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) |
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| line the respiratory epithelium |
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| Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) |
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Definition
| less organized, more diffuse aggregates of the secondary lymphoid tissue |
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Definition
| occurs following the first encounter with a given pathogen (approx 7-10 days) |
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| long lived lymphocytes (B & T Cells)that respond specifically to the pathogen responsible for the infection |
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| Secondary immune response |
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Definition
| occurs following subsequent exposures to the same pathogen (approx hours-days) |
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Definition
| continuous change of surface proteins in order to escape the immune response |
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Definition
| stimulates the immune response to generate memory lymphocytes by administering pathogen antigens in a form that cannot cause disease |
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| Immunodeficiency diseases |
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Definition
| failure of the immune system due to its components that are missing or that do not work properly |
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| Acquired immune deficiency (AIDS) |
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Definition
| caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
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